ALCOHOL/SMOKING/TEA/PRETERM DELIVERY
Pregnant women who consume more than two alcoholic beverages per day have about a 3-fold risk of early delivery. Women who smoke ten or more cigarettes daily are also more likely to deliver a preterm infant. Women in this Yale University study who delivered early were also likely to have consumed four or more cups of tea per day. (Early Human Development 7:239-250, 1982) Early delivery places an infant at a disadvantage, and sometimes initiates lifelong health problems. Copyright Phylis Austin

ALCOHOL USE/BREAST CANCER
Moderate alcohol consumption produces an increased risk of breast cancer according to a study reported by the Cancer Prevention Studies Branch of the National Cancer Institute of Bethesda, Maryland. (New England Journal of Medicine 316(19)1163-73, May, 7, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL/COLD BATHS
Baths of 18 degrees C. (64.5 degrees F.) were effective in treating delirium tremens according to a report from France. The sufferer was placed in water up to his shoulders and cold water poured over his head. The baths may be given two or three times a day. The cases in the report slept quietly for two hours after each bath. (Journal of American Medical Association 26:616, March 28, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

FEBRILE SEIZURES IN CHILDREN/MATERNAL SMOKING/ALCOHOL USE
Mothers who use alcohol or smoke during their pregnancy or after the birth of their child, may be increasing their child's risk of suffering febrile seizures (seizures which develop during a fever). Febrile seizures are most common between six months and five years of age, with the greatest incidence from six months to three years of age. It has been estimated that from two to five percent of children suffer at least one seizure before they reach the age of five years.
A study from the Department of Epidemiology at the School of Public Health and Community Medicine, at the University of Washington in Seattle, reveals that the use of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy and cigarette smoking both increased the risk of febrile seizures. (American Journal of Epidemiology 132:462-473, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAFFEINE/ALCOHOL/BONE FRACTURES
Caffeine and alcohol both seem to increase the risk of hip and forearm fracture in middle-age women. A six-year study of almost 85,000 women showed a positive relationship between caffeine use and hip fracture. Alcohol use was associated with elevated risk of both forearm and hip fracture.
Caffeine is known to increase urinary loss of calcium. (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54:157-163, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

FETAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE
A single exposure to alcohol while in utero may lead to permanent changes in the offspring. Some of the laboratory animals tested showed substantial defects in memory during middle- and old-age. Abnormalities present in young animals became more pronounced as the animals aged. (Teratology 45(5)528-529, May 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

ALCOHOL IN FOOD
It has been taught that the use of alcohol in foods was entirely harmless as the alcohol was burned off during the cooking process. A study sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food and Nutrition Service, indicates that as much of 85% of alcohol may remain in food after cooking. (Journal of American Dietetic Association 92(1)486-488, April, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

ALCOHOL WIPE/INSULIN INJECTIONS
The age-old practice of swabbing an injection area before injection may be valueless, according to a report from Tampa, Florida. Physicians at the James A. Haley Veterans Hospital observed that many diabetic patients did not swab their skin before giving their injections, but never seemed to develop infections. They set up a study to determine whether or not this step was actually necessary. They studied 50 patients with 600 injections among them. None of the patients suffered any indication of infection from the lack of swabbing, but they notice that the injections did not burn or sting if the skin was not swabbed with alcohol. (Diabetes Care 16(1)402, January 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin