LOW CALORIE DIETS/CANCER/LONGEVITY
Dr. Robert A. Good, president and director of Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York reported that extensive investigations with laboratory animals have demonstrated that a low calorie diet reduces cancer risk and prolongs life. By restricting calories from the time of weaning, they were able to double or triple the lifespan of the experimental rats. Dr. Good emphasizes that the fact that for best results the caloric restriction must begin early in life.
The incidence of malignancies in the experimental animals, normally 90 percent in breeding females, and 60-80 percent in unbred females dropped to zero.
"Everything that I have ever really understood in these mice is directly applicable to man," says Dr. Good. "We already know that females who are extremely overweight have 8 to 10 times the incidence of endometrial cancer than females of normal weight." (Medical Tribune 21(8)8, February 27, 1980) Copyright Phylis Austin

APPENDECTOMY/CANCER
Patients who die of cancer, particularly carcinoma of the colon, breast or ovary, or lymphoma or leukemia are twice as likely as the normal population to have had an appendectomy. In most cases studied the appendix had been removed during childhood or early adulthood. Up until about the age of 30, the appendix is richly endowed with lymphoid tissue, which researchers feel may be an antibody producing tissue. For this reason, Dr. Howard Bierman, director of the Institute for Cancer and Blood Diseases at Loma Linda University School of Medicine suggests that persons who had their appendix removed (for other than acute disease) before the age of 30 be more carefully watched for signs of cancer.
Dr. Bierman reported that 42 percent of the persons in his study dying of cancer of the col;on had undergone appendectomy, as had 62 percent of those dying with cancer of the breast and 84 percent of those dying with cancer of the ovary. The average age for appendectomy was 27; the average age at death was 55 years. (Medical World News, March 18, 1966, p. 108) Copyright Phylis Austin

BEEF/BOWEL CANCER
Geographic data show an association between beef consumption and bowel cancer incidence. Argentina, New Zealand, Scotland and Uruguay, all high beef consumers, show high bowel cancer rates. This trend is also apparent in the urban North United States. Farmers and Southerners tend to eat more pork and chicken. (Medical Tribune, November 7, 1973) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/FATAL PROSTATE CANCER
The use of milk, cheese, eggs and meat has been associated with the risk of fatal prostate cancer in a new Loma Linda study. The addition of each of the animal products to the diets of the persons studied resulted in an increased risk of prostate cancer. The same study revealed that obesity also increases the risk. More than 6,000 persons were followed for over 20 years to obtain the results of this study. (American Journal of Epidemiology 120(2)244-250, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA/DIET
Polish scientists report that 13 leukemic children have responded well to a low-protein diet free from purine. Meats are high in purines. (Science News 89:423, May 28, 1966) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANDROGENS/CANCER
Athletes who use androgenic anabolic steroids, such as testosterone, to increase their athletic ability and their muscle strength may be increasing their risk of cancer. About 20 percent of laboratory animals in a 1977 study given androgens developed prostate cancer. Female laboratory rats developed bladder lesions and stones and breast cancer. (Canadian Medical Association Journal 130:549, March 1, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

VENEREAL WARTS/CANCER
Physicians are now beginning to suspect that venereal warts may be a cause of vaginal and cervical cancer. For years physicians have felt that the warts were harmless. The warts are presently being seen in large numbers of people, and are now more common than herpes. From 1966 to 1981 the Centers for Disease Control found a 560 percent increase in physician visits due to these warts. The virus which causes the warts is spread by sexual intercourse. (American Medical News, September 28, 1984, p. 36) Copyright Phylis Austin

RADIATION THERAPY/THYROID CANCER
Women who have undergone radiation therapy to the head or neck are 16.5 times more likely to develop thyroid cancer than are those not exposed to radiation. Women exposed to radiation at 19 years-of- age or younger had a higher risk than those exposed after 20 years- of-age. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 73:575-581, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

HERBICIDES/OVARIAN CANCER
A strong positive association has been demonstrated between exposure to herbicides and ovarian mesothelial tumors, a type of ovarian cancer. (Carcinogenesis 5(7)941-942, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

FATS/OVARIAN CANCER
A Massachusetts study has revealed that patients with ovarian cancer use significantly more animal fats than do those who do not have ovarian cancer. Over 200 women with recently diagnosed ovarian cancer were matched for race, age and residence in this study. (Obstetrics and Gynecology 63:833-838, June 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

ESTROGEN EXPOSURE/TESTICULAR CANCER
A study of 108 men with testicular cancer revealed that cryptorchidism (a failure of the testis to descend), low birth weight, and exposure to hormones in utero are all factors which increase the risk of testicular cancer in men under 30 years of age. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 71:1150-1155, December, 1983) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANIMAL FAT/COLON CANCER
Animal fat has shown a positive association with mortality from colon cancer, while cereal fiber has shown a negative association. (Nutrition and Cancer 6:160-170,1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

MOTOR EXHAUST/LEUKEMIA
Parental exposure to motor vehicle exhaust may increase the risk of leukemia in children during the first year of life, according to a New York State Department of Health study. Females appear to be at a greater risk. (Journal of Occupational Medicine 26(9)679-682, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

TUMORS/CAPSAICIN
Capsaicin, present in hot peppers, induced adenocarcinomas of the duodenum in laboratory mice. The hotter the pepper, the more capsaicin present. (Anticancer Research 4:117-120, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

COLON CANCER/VITAMIN D
Death rates from colon cancer are highest in the parts of the United States with the least amount of natural sunlight. Researchers feel that differences in vitamin D production by the body and calcium absorption (both related to sun exposure) may be the factors responsible for the increased colon cancer rate. (The Lancet 1:307-309, February 9, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

LITHIUM CARBONATE/CANCER DEATHS
Cancer patients given lithium carbonate are felt to have a lower risk of infection and to be able to tolerate more intensive chemotherapy than those not given it. However, there are no studies showing that these benefits prolong the life of cancer patients. Now it has been shown that lithium carbonate increases the risk of sudden death in some cancer patients. Lithium has been shown to produce a number of electro-cardiographic changes and cancer patients with heart changes are at particular risk of sudden death while taking lithium. (Journal of Clinical Oncology 2(11)1270-1276, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

HODGKIN'S DISEASE/BREAST CANCER
Another study reveals an unexpectedly high rate of breast cancer in women who were treated for Hodgkin's disease. The risk does not become apparent for about ten years following the Hodgkin's. (Cancer 54:2234-2236, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

SALT INTAKE/GASTRIC CANCER
A study supported by the National Cancer Institute has revealed that higher sodium excretion levels are found in populations with higher rates of gastric cancer. (Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 109:42-45, 1985) There appear to be more advantages to salt limitation than blood pressure control. Copyright Phylis Austin

CIRCUMCISION/CERVICAL CANCER
One of the arguments advanced to promote circumcision of males has been the supposed lower rate of cervical cancer in the wives of circumcised men. If this difference does indeed exist (many researchers feel it does not) the lower rate of cancer may be due to factors other than circumcision according to an Israeli study. Drs. A. Schachter and E. Abraham of the Beilinson Medical Center report that the traditional conservative life-style may be responsible for the difference. A study of 30,000 women revealed that in women aged 20 to 29 the cancer rate was approximately the same as that observed in the United States. (Lancet 2:1150, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING/PHENACETIN/CANCER OF THE URETER/CANCER OF THE RENAL PELVIS
Smoking increases the risk of cancer of the ureter, and pain medications containing phenacetin increase the risk of cancer of the renal pelvis, according to a study published in the Journal of Urology. (Journal of Urology 130(1)28-30, 1983) Copyright Phylis Austin

OVARIAN CANCER RISK FACTORS
Diets high in animal fats, smoking, barbiturates, and tricyclic antidepressants may all increase one's chances of developing ovarian cancer. (The Female Patient 10(4)122, April 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE/RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS/CANCER
Patients given cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar) for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis have a two-fold increased incidence of cancer, and are at high risk for the development of bladder cancer. Interestingly, these patients with rheumatoid arthritis and cytoxan treatment had more frequent use of alcohol. Some drugs, as well as certain diets, seem to increase a thirst for alcohol. (Arthritis and Rheumatism 28(4)Suppl S37, April, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING/CERVICAL CANCER
Dr. E. R. Greenberg of the Norris Cotton Cancer Center reports that heavy smokers have at least a two-fold increase in the risk of cervical cancer. (British Journal of Cancer 51:139-41, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

VEGETARIAN DIET/COLON CANCER RISK
A study done by a group of various research institutes in the United States has revealed that Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) vegetarians have a lower rate of growth of epithelial cells in the mucosa of the colon. As cell production increases the risk of colon cancer increases. This may partially explain the lower incidence of colon cancer observed in SDA vegetarians. (Cancer Letters 26:139-144, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

CANCER RISK/PARENTAL SMOKING
Cancer risk is 50 percent greater in children whose fathers smoke. Children whose mothers smoked also have an increased risk of cancer. If both parents smoke the risk is greater. (American Journal of Public Health 75:487-492, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

TALC/OVARIAN CANCER
Women should be cautioned not to use talc in their hygiene as it apparently increases the risk of ovarian cancer. (Primary Care and Cancer, May, 1985, page 27-30) Copyright Phylis Austin

PACEMAKERS/BREAST CANCER
Women have had heart pacemakers inserted are apparently at increased risk of developing breast cancer on the side of the implanted unit. A Polish physician urges that women who have pacemakers have frequent breast exams to detect early cancers. (Internal Medicine News, 18(7)35) Copyright Phylis Austin

COLON CANCER/JOB ACTIVITY
Men whose jobs require a high level of physical activity have a lower risk of colon cancer than do men whose jobs are largely sedentary. Physical activity, whether on the job or off, may assist in protection against this disease. (American Journal of Epidemiology 119(6)1005-1014) Copyright Phylis Austin

BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS/COLON CANCER
Patients who undergo surgery for colon cancer and receive blood transfusions are at greater risk of developing recurrences of their cancer that those who do not require transfusions. It is believed that blood transfusion may suppress the immune system, decreasing the body's ability to fight disease. (British Medical Journal 290:1037-1093, April 6, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

MELANOMA/SUN EXPOSURE
Individuals who blister, burn or freckle rather than tan on sun exposure are at increased risk of melanoma according to a Buffalo, New York study. (American Journal of Epidemiology 122(4)606-19, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

FARMING/NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA
A relationship between the use of high levels of pesticides 20 years ago and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been suggested in a National Cancer Institute study. DDT, carbofuran, and chloraben use were positively associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma while atrazine, cyanizine, glyphosate, lindane, and nicotine were associated with the development of small cell lymphocytic lymphoma. (American Journal of Epidemiology 122(3)535, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/STOMACH CANCER
A study in Greece revealed that patients with stomach cancer reported less frequent use of brown bread, lemons, oranges and raw salad vegetables such as lettuce, cucumbers and onions, and higher intakes of nuts, pasta and beans than did patients without cancer of the stomach. (International Journal of Cancer 36:291-297, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

PARKINSON'S DISEASE/LEVADOPA/MELANOMA
Parkinson's disease patients given levodopa may be at increased risk of developing melanoma (skin cancer). (Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 48:585-588, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

CYCLAMATE/CANCER
A National Research Council committee reports that cyclamate may be cancer-promoting. They observe that while cyclamate itself may not induce cancer it may interact with other substances to induce cancer. (Internal Medicine News 18(17)22, September 1-14, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

EXERCISE/BREAST CANCER
California researchers feel that the greater number of menstrual cycles a woman has, the greater her risk of breast cancer. They feel that vigorous physical exercise may decrease ovulatory cycles and thus lower a woman's risk of breast cancer. (Cancer 56:1206-1208, 1985) ED - Probably all the factors that lead to early maturity increase the risk of breast cancer, by lowering the age at which girls begin their menstrual cycles. This would include all force-feeding practices of mothers in infancy and overfeeding in childhood, the rich foods high in animal products, especially cheese and other dairy products, and the frequent between meal snacking and drinking sweet beverages and juices. Copyright Phylis Austin

DIETARY FAT/BREAST CANCER SURVIVAL
Women who consume a diet low in fat survive longer with breast cancer than do those who use a high fat diet, according to this study reported in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Risk of death from breast cancer increased 1.4-fold for each 1,000 g. of fat consumed per month. (110 grams is just under one-half cup) A high fat diet has already been shown to increase the risk of developing breast cancer, but this study suggests that even after a woman develops breast cancer switching to a low fat diet will prolong her life. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 75:37-41, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANALGESICS/BLADDER CANCER
The risk of bladder cancer is increased in women who use pain medications containing phenacetin on a regular basis. The authors state that acetaminophen (Tylenol) is pharmacologically similar and the same association with it may be present. (New England Journal of Medicine 313:292-5, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

FAT/COLON CANCER
Laboratory mice given a high fat diet sustained damage to the colon. It is possible that this damage could make it easier for colon cancer to develop. (Carcinogenesis 6(7)1063-1066, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHOLESTEROL/BRAIN TUMORS
A study from Israel reveals that patients with brain tumors have higher cholesterol levels than do normal individuals. A number of studies have been published in the last few years suggesting a relationship between high cholesterol levels and cancer rates. (British Journal of Cancer 52:92-98, 1985) Everyone knows of the relationship between cholesterol and heart disease. Copyright Phylis Austin

UTERINE CANCER/INTRAUTERINE DEVICES
Long-term use of an intrauterine device may lead to the development of uterine cancer. This is only a preliminary report and further studies should be carried out, but women who have had an IUD in place for a long time should be aware of this possibility. (Asia-Oceania Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 10(3)347-357, September, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

CARCINOGENESIS/CALORIC RESTRICTION
Restricting caloric intake appears to inhibit the development of tumors in laboratory animals. Fifty-eight percent of fats fed as much as they wished to eat of a diet which contained 2.9 percent saturated fat and 1.0 percent polyunsaturated fat developed tumors, while none of a similar group of rats given a calorie-restricted diet developed tumors. In a second study, a group given a diet containing only polyunsaturated fat showed a 80 percent tumor development rate, and the average tumor-bearing rat had four tumors. Those placed on a calorie restricted diet had only a 20 percent tumor rate, with only one tumor per rat. (Oncology News, January-February, 1986, p. 2) Copyright Phylis Austin

"PRELEUKEMIA"/ZINC SUPPLEMENTS
A Missouri man who had been taking zinc supplements in massive doses for "prostate trouble" went to his physician complaining of fatigue and generally feeling bad. Tests revealed that he was severely anemic. His physicians felt he had "preleukemia," and scheduled him for chemotherapy. It was discovered that he had been taking the zinc supplements for two years, and he was instructed to discontinue the use of the supplements. Blood tests were normal two months later. It was felt that the zinc supplements prevented proper absorption, leading to the anemia. (Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter 3(10)7, December, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

CANCER/METHYLENE CHLORIDE
Methylene chloride, found in aerosol products such as hair sprays, spray paints, and insect sprays, has been found to cause cancer in laboratory animals, and the Food and Drug Administration feels it may be a risk to humans. In December of 1984 the FDA proposed a ban on the use of methylene chloride in aerosol cosmetic sprays. Final action has not yet been taken on the ban, so consumers should check the aerosol containers in their home to see if they contain this toxic substance. Methylene chloride is also used in beverage decaffeination. (FDA Consumer, March, 1986, p. 15-17) Copyright Phylis Austin

MILK/CHEESE/BREAST CANCER
An Italian study has found a relationship between milk, cheese, meat and sugar intake and breast cancer deaths. Pasta intake appeared protective. (Oncology 43:10-6, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

VITAMIN A/CANCER RISK
Because special studies have suggested that vitamin A is protective against cancer some people are recommending supplements. Suezanne T. Orr, PH. D., of the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine of the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore, observes that vitamin A supplements may lead to serious toxicity. She states that the recommended daily allowance of vitamin A may be easily obtained by dietary sources of provitamin A, found in many vegetables and fruits. ONE SERVING of carrot, cantaloupe, cabbage, celery, turnip greens, sweet potato, kale, mango or many other natural foods is sufficient to provide the RDA. (Clinical Nutrition 4:138-142, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST CANCER/COLORECTAL CANCER
Women who have breast cancer appear to be at double the risk of developing colorectal cancer. (Annals of Surgery 203(3)307-310, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

HERBICIDES/NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA
A Kansas study revealed an increased incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in farmers who were exposed to herbicides. Exposure more than 20 days a year produced a sixfold increase in risk when compared to non-farmers. (Journal of the American Medical Association 256(9)1141-1147, September 5, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

HAIR DYES/LEUKEMIA
A study conducted in Baltimore from 1980 to 1982 revealed a positive association between hair dye exposure and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. (American Journal of Epidemiology 122(3)523, September 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING/COFFEE/BLADDER CANCER
A strong association between smoking and bladder cancer risk was demonstrated in a West German study. Those who began smoking before 15 years of age are at greatest risk. Coffee drinking on a regular basis also increases the risk (one cup a day increases the risk by three times -- yes, decaffeinated also). (American Journal of Epidemiology 122(3)524, September 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

BLADDER CANCER/COFFEE/PHENACETIN/THYROID STUDIES
A study of women aged 20 to 49 years who had developed bladder cancer revealed that these women consumed more coffee, used more phenacetin-containing medications, and were more likely to have undergone radioactive iodine thyroid uptake studies than had a similar group of women who did not have bladder cancer. (American Journal of Epidemiology 123(6)1033-1042, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

BLADDER CANCER/MOTOR EXHAUST
Men employed as deliverymen or truck drivers have been found to have a 50 percent increased risk of developing bladder cancer. Bus and taxi drivers may also have elevated risks. In men who have been drivers for 25 years or more years the risk may be increased 120 percent. (Cancer Research 46:2113-2116, April 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING/COLON TUMORS
Cigarette smoking appears to increase the risk of colonic adenomas. (Gastroenterology 90(5 pt 2)1492, May 1986) These growths are considered to be precancerous. Copyright Phylis Austin

NUCLEAR REACTORS/CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA
A study of young people on Dounreay, Scotland, reveals a 10-fold increase in leukemia incidence in those who lived near nuclear reactor plants. (Medical Tribune 26(24)1, August 27, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

BLADDER CANCER/ARTISTIC PAINTERS
Artistic painters have been shown in two study populations to have an increased risk of bladder cancer. Artists may be exposed to carcinogens such as 2-naphthylamine, polychlorinated biphenyls, benzidine, formaldehyde, asbestos, benzene, methylene chloride and dioxane. Artists may work long hours (and even eat and sleep) in poorly ventilated studios, increasing risk of exposure by ingestion, skin absorption, and inhalation. Incidently, artistic painters in this study were also noted to have increased death rates from leukemia and arteriosclerotic heart disease. (American Journal of Industrial Medicine 9:281-287, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

COFFEE/COLORECTAL CANCER
A study done at the University of California at San Diego revealed that individuals who drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a 2.5 increase in risk of colorectal cancer, when compared to individuals who drink two or less cups a day. (American Journal of Epidemiology 124(3)501, September 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

PORK/CIGARETTES/PANCREATIC CANCER
Cigarette smoking and the use of pork appear to be risk factors for pancreatic cancer. (American Journal of Epidemiology 124(3)502, September 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

LEUKEMIA/FARMERS
Workers in forestry and agriculture may be at increased risk of developing leukemia according to a New Zealand study. The risk for livestock farmers appears to be the greatest, while acute myeloid leukemia risk appeared increased in meat workers. Electrical workers also appear at increased risk of developing leukemia. (American Journal of Epidemiology 124:402-409, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/BREAST CANCER
Prolonged breast feeding appears to be protective against the later development of breast cancer according to a Washington state study. (American Journal of Epidemiology 124:353-9, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

TESTICULAR CANCER RISKS
Risk factors for development of testicular cancer are felt to be low birth weight, spotting or unusual bleeding during the pregnancy, and the use of sedatives and/or alcohol and x-ray exposure during the pregnancy. (Cancer Research 46:4812-4816, September 1986) These risk factors are all encountered before the child is born, and point out the importance of proper prenatal counseling. Copyright Phylis Austin

PASSIVE SMOKING/LUNG CANCER
A Japanese study reveals that non-smoking women whose husbands smoke are at a 50 percent increased risk of developing lung cancer. (Cancer Research 46:4804-4807, September 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

CANCER/MEAT INDUSTRY
A study from the Department of Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health reveals that men who work in the meat industry have unusually high rates of several types of cancers including bone, buccal cavity, pharynx, and lung cancers, as well as Hodgkin's disease. (Journal of Occupational Medicine 28(1)23-32, January 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

MUSHROOMS/CANCER
A new study by Bela Toth and James Erickson of the Epply Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases in Omaha, Nebraska, demonstrates that Agaricus bisporus, the commercially sold mushroom, produced cancers of the lung, liver, forestomach and bones of laboratory animals when fed in the fresh, uncooked state. Dr. Tooth has published other studies demonstrating the cancer-producing properties of mushrooms. (Cancer Research 46:4007-4011, August 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY/CHILDHOOD CANCER
Cancer risk for children of mothers who smoke during pregnancy may be 50 percent higher than for children of nonsmoking mothers. Risk for Wilms tumor, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute lymphocytic leukemia is approximately double in these children. (The Lancet 1:1350-1352, June 14, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

TEA/CANCER
Julia Morton, of the University of Miami, has shown a relationship between tannin found in tea, and cancer of the esophagus. Dr. Morton has researched this subject for over 20 years. Tannins are also found in red wine, some cider, coffee and tobacco. (Insight 2(32)55, August 11, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

PROSTATE CANCER/OBESITY/MILK/MEAT
Overweight men are again found to have an increased risk of developing prostate cancer, according to an Italian study. Men who developed prostate cancer also reported more use of milk and dairy products and meats than did healthy controls. Other studies have shown similar results, as well as a relationship between total fat intake and prostate cancer. (British Journal of Cancer 53:817-821, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

LIVER CANCER/PESTICIDES
An Egyptian study reveals that farmers who have been exposed to agricultural pesticides are at increased risk of developing a malignancy of the liver, hepatic angiosarcoma. (Hepatogastroenterol 33:148-150, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY/URINARY CANCER
A study of men in the electric power industry in Sweden reveals that these men are at increased risk of developing urinary system cancers. (British Journal of Industrial Medicine 43:212-213, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA/X-RAY TREATMENTS
A Vancouver, British Columbia physician reported to the Canadian Dermatological Association on three cases of basal cell carcinoma that he had traced to previously given x-ray or cobalt therapy. A 70-year-old man who had undergone radiation to the lumbosacrum for backache 30 years previously developed basal cell carcinomas in the treated area. A 52-year-old man developed basal cell carcinoma 17 years after having undergone radiation following surgical removal of a testicular tumor. The third patient had undergone radiation treatment for skin lesions which were suspected to be superficial basal cell carcinomas, and later developed skin cancers in the treated area. (Dermatology News 19 (1,10), September, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

IN UTERO SACCHARINE EXPOSURE/BLADDER CANCER
Infants whose mothers use saccharin during pregnancy are at increased risk of later developing bladder cancer. Aspartame has replaced saccharin as a sweetener in gum and tooth pastes. Saccharin is known to enhance the cancer-producing ability of other substances. (Cancer Letters 32:151-154, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

LOWER URINARY TRACT CANCER RISK FACTORS
The risk of lower urinary tract cancer increased with smoking, drinking four plus cups of coffee per day, more than 1.0 liter of beer per day, fatty meals, frequent use of canned feeds (to the exclusion of fresh foods), and employment in mining, dye, textile, plastic, and rubber industries, as well as spray paint exposure. Regular use of vegetables and fruits and discontinuation of smoking decreased risk. (American Journal of Epidemiology 124(4)578-589, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/CANCER
A multi-nation study of diet and breast, prostate, colon and ovary cancer reveals that breast cancer is associated with milk and meat use, ovarian and prostate cancer with milk use, and colon cancer with meat use. Prostate cancer is also associated with animal fat. (Cancer 58:2363-2371, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILLI/CAPSICUM/TUMORS
Chilli extract from capsicum promotes liver and stomach cancer in laboratory animals. (International Journal of Cancer 38:689-695, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING/SKIN CANCER
Fluorescent lighting may stimulate skin cancer induced by other factors, according to a study carried out in Germany. The researchers conclude that although fluorescent lighting does not itself cause the cancer it enhances the effect of carcinogens. (Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 112:141-143, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS/CANCER RECURRENCE
Patients who have received whole blood transfusions following cancer surgery are at increased risk of cancer recurrence. Risk increased as the number of units of blood given increased. (British Medical Journal 293:530-533, August 30, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

MOBILE HOMES/CARCINOGENS
All mobile homes contain formaldehyde, a known carcinogen. Styrene, benzene, and tetrachloroethylene, also found in many mobile homes, are also known carcinogens. (Toxicology Letters 25:33-40, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

BLACK TEA/RECTAL CANCER
Black tea, tea made from leaves that have been withered prior to rolling and drying, increases the risk of developing rectal cancer. (British Journal of Cancer 54:677-683, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
A study performed at Howard University in Washington D. C. revealed that the use of pork, bacon, hot dogs, sausages, beer, malted liquor and champaign, as well as cigarettes, increases the risk of cancer of the esophagus. (Nutrition Research 6:905-912, August, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

SALT/BLADDER CANCER
Animal studies indicate that excessive use of sodium chloride (ordinary table salt) apparently promotes cancer of the bladder. (Urological Research 14:201-206, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

FISH/N-NITROSAMINES/CANCER RISK
Fish eating has recently been encouraged as a source of oils felt to be beneficial to the heart. A Massachusetts study suggests that increased fish consumption may increase cancer risk. Fish contain methylamines, precursors of N-nitrosamines, which are known to induce cancer. (Cancer Research 46:6136-6138, December, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

LEUKEMIA/ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Men who work in areas which expose them to electromagnetic fields (radar, radio and telegraph operators, telephone and power linemen, electronic and electronic and electrical engineers) are apparently at increased risk of developing leukemia according to a recent study. (Journal of Occupational Medicine 29(1)47-51, January, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHOLECYSTECTOMY/COLON TUMORS
Surgical removal of the gallbladder increases the risk of colon tumors according to animal studies. (Archives of Surgery 122:334-336, March, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES/BREAST CANCER
Birth control pills may stimulate breast cancer, particularly in older users, according to a California study. It is felt that latent cancer cells present in the breast may be stimulated into active growth. (Cancer 59:281-287, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

MENSTRUAL PERIODS/BREAST CANCER RISK
A study reported at the Fifth International Congress on Twin Studies reveals that women who had their first menstrual period before the age of 12 years are more likely to develop breast cancer than are those whose menstrual periods began at a later age. Women who were older at their first live pregnancy were more likely to develop breast cancer, as were women who had abortion, induced or spontaneous, prior to their first live birth. Women who developed breast cancer were also more likely to have had an artificial menopause. (Internal Medicine News 20(1)35, January 1-14, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHLORINATED WATER/CANCER
Epidemiologists are beginning to wonder if there is a relationship between the use of chlorinated water and cancer. They feel that if there is a relationship the risk is likely to be small, but when one considers the number of people consuming chlorinated water even a small risk may cause thousands of otherwise avoidable cancers in a year's time.
Chlorine interacts with organic chemicals in water to form chloroform, as well as other trihalomethanes (THM). Chloroform is known to produce cancer in laboratory animals, and the THMS are known to be mutagenic (capable of causing cell changes which may lead to cancer). Early studies compared cancer incidence in areas where chlorinated surface water was consumed with areas where the people used untreated ground water. After adjustment for other factors, increased rates of bladder, colon, and rectal cancers were observed.
There have been six case-control mortality studies carried out in the United States, and five of these six revealed increased risks for bladder, colon, and rectal cancer in those drinking chlorinated water. Some studies suggest that the risk may be doubled. (Health and Environment Digest 1(6)1-3, July 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

ALCOHOL USE/BREAST CANCER
Moderate alcohol consumption produces an increased risk of breast cancer according to a study reported by the Cancer Prevention Studies Branch of the National Cancer Institute of Bethesda, Maryland. (New England Journal of Medicine 316(19)1163-73, May, 7, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

GARLIC/COLON CANCER
Diallyl sulfide, found in garlic, inhibits the development of colon cancer in laboratory animals. (Carcinogenesis 8(3)487-489, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

PAINTING/LEUKEMIA
Professional painters, because of their daily exposure to organic solvents, are apparently at increased risk of developing leukemia. (Cancer 60:1378-1384, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

NASOPHARYNX CANCER/MOBILE HOMES
A strong association between nasopharynx cancer and years of living in a mobile home has been demonstrated in a study reported by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Risk increases as years of mobile home living increase. (International Journal of Cancer 38:685-688, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

TOBACCO/NICOTINE/CANCER
A University of South Alabama research group reports that nicotine may help cancer cell spread throughout the body. (Science News 131:213, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

TESTICULAR CANCER
Dimethylformamide (DMF), a solvent used in leather dyes, may induce testicular cancer. The New York State Health Department is investigating three cases of testicular cancer in men who worked on the same spray lime in a New York glove factory ten years ago. Previous studies have linked DMF with testicular cancer in men who worked in aircraft-related fields. (Medical Tribune, December 23, 1987, p. 2, 3, 16) Copyright Phylis Austin

FLUID INTAKE/BLADDER CANCER
Bladder cancer rates appear higher in urban populations than in rural inhabitants. A study from Israel suggests that this increased incidence of bladder cancer may be due to less fluid intake in this population group. Because of decreased fluid intake urban populations pass their urine less frequently, which means that urine remains in contact with the bladder wall for longer periods of time. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 78:437-440, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/PANCREATIC CANCER
Fried and grilled meats, other fried or grilled foods, margarine, and cigarette smoking all increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. Frequent use of fruits, particularly citrus fruit, and vegetables, particularly carrots, decreased the risk. (America Journal of Epidemiology 124(6)894-902, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHLORAMPHENICOL/CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA
Chloramphenical, an antibiotic, has been associated with an increased risk of childhood leukemia. Use of this drug is restricted in the United States as it is known to induce aplastic anemia, but it is in common use in other parts of the world. (The Lancet, October 24, 1987, p. 934-937) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST CANCER/COLLEGE ATHLETES
Women who were physically active during their college-age years show a later reduced incidence of breast, uterus, vagina, ovary and cervical cancer. (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45:328-35, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

LEUKEMIA/AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS/GASOLINE SERVICE STATION ATTENDANTS
Automobile mechanics are apparently at increased risk of developing leukemia, cancer of the oral cavity, lung, bladder, rectum, and lymphatic tissues, as well as cirrhosis of the liver. Men who work as service station attendants demonstrate elevated rates of leukemia, emphysema, mental and psychoneurotic conditions, and elevated rates of suicide. These laborers are exposed to a wide range of toxic substances, including gasoline vapors, benzene, various solvents, greases, and lubrication oils as well as vehicle exhaust. (American Journal of Industrial Medicine 12:91-99, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS/CERVICAL CANCER
There has been a marked increase in the incidence of cancer of the cervix in the under-35 age group. There is some suggestion that this increase may be due to changes in the cervix which are associated with the use of birth control pills. (British Medical Journal 295:1446-1447, December 5, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

PROSTATE CANCER RISKS
Prostate cancer risk apparently increases as the years since vasectomy increase. Prostate cancer risk is high in men who have sexual intercourse at a young age. Smoking also increases the risk of prostate cancer. (British Journal of Cancer 57:326-331, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

HAIR DYE USE/LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA
The use of hair dye may increase the risk of lymphoma and leukemia. Cosmetologists, hairdressers and beauticians have been observed to have higher incidences of some malignancies, but women who have their hair dyed may also suffer higher incidences of some cancers. (American Journal of Public Health 78:570-571, May, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST CANCER/COW'S MILK
Populations who do not use bovine (cow's) milk have a very low incidence of breast cancer, while population who give cow's milk to their infants have a high incidence. Researchers have also noticed an increase of breast cancer rates as women who were fed formulas matured. Early onset of menstruation, obesity and tallness, also breast cancer risk factors, are more common in women who were formula-fed. The bovine leukemia virus is known to be transmitted by milk, and the tumors induced in animals by this virus have been observed to be more common in lymph nodes, breast glands, lungs, and spine. (Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, Supplement to Volume 114, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

BLACK PEPPER/CANCER
Black pepper administered to laboratory animals induced cancer formation. These tumors were located primarily in the liver, with secondary tumor formation in the spleen, ileum, stomach and kidneys. (Oncology 45:247-252, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

GASOLINE ENGINE EXHAUST/CANCER
Exhaust fumes from gasoline engines have been shown to cause chromosome abnormalities, and may induce cancer. (Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, Supplement to Volume 114, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

COFFEE/SMOKING/PANCREATIC CANCER
Individuals who smoke and drink coffee are at increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer according to a California study. Previous studies have shown a relationship between coffee intake and pancreatic cancer, but apparently smoking elevates the risk even more. (Western Journal of Medicine 148:48-53, January 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST CANCER/CIGARETTE SMOKING
Smoking may increase the risk of breast cancer, particularly in women who have not yet entered menopause. (Archives of Internal Medicine 148:140-144, January, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

IRON/CANCER
High levels of iron in the body increase cancer risk according to a report from the National Cancer Institute. (New England Journal of Medicine 319:1047-1052, October 20, 1988) Iron is an essential mineral, and insufficient quantities may lead to anemia. Excess iron, however, may predispose the body to infection. Colon, bladder, lung and esophageal cancers were more common in men with high body iron stores, and as iron stores increase the cancer incidence also increase. The researchers suggest that fortification of food with iron, and iron supplements other than in anemic individuals may be unwise. Copyright Phylis Austin

PASSIVE SMOKING/BREAST CANCER
Dr. Wesley Horton, of the Oregon Health Sciences University, states that indoor cigarette smoke pollution is a major cause of breast cancer. Previous studies have shown no relationship between smoking and breast cancer, but these studies did not take "passive" or "sidestream" smoke into consideration. International mortality studies demonstrate a positive relationship between lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women, suggesting that a husband's smoking habit may induce breast cancer in his wife. Exposure longer than 20 years may be required for the woman to manifest the disease process. (Cancer 62:6-14, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/OVARIAN CANCER
Daily meat and/or fish consumption increases the risk of ovarian cancer, over and above other known risk factors. Daily mean consumption increases the risk 19.2 percent, according to a study from Japan. (Japanese Journal of Cancer Research (Gann) 79:997- 1004, September, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

IODINATED GLYCEROL/COUGH SYRUPS/CANCER
Iodinated glycerol, an ingredient in some cough medicines, has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Female rats given iodinated glycerol developed pituitary tumors, while male rats developed thyroid cancer and leukemia.
In 1986, 5.1 million prescriptions were filled for iodinated glycerol-containing cough medicines. (Public Citizen Health Research Group Health Letter 4(12)10, December 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

INFANT FEEDING/CHILDHOOD CANCER
Children who are breast-fed for six months or more are less likely to develop childhood cancer. A study of 201 children in Denver, Colorado, showed an increased rate of lymphoma in children fed artificially. Previous studies have shown no relationship between breast-feeding and childhood cancers, but this carefully done study divided the children into three groups: those breast-fed less than six months, those breast-fed longer than six months, and those who received no breast milk at all. The children breast-fed less than six months and those who had no breast milk had higher cancer rates than those breast-fed six months or longer. (The Lancet 2:365-368, August 13, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

SILICONE GEL IMPLANTS/CANCER
The Public Citizen Health Research Group has called on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to halt the use of silicone gel implants, as research has shown that they cause cancer. About 130,000 women a year are undergoing breast implants, while some men are having testicular prosthesis silicone gel implants.
The Health Research Group wants the FDA to determine why Dow Corning, the manufacturer of the implants, did not notify the FDA of their studies revealing the carcinogenicity of silicone gel. Many of the cancers are of the rapidly-spreading type.
Silicone gel apparently migrates through the envelope encasing it, and may spread through the body. Many investigators have found silicone in the lymph nodes of women who have have had breast reconstruction using this material. (Public Citizen Health Research Group Health Letter 4(12)1,2, December 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

LEUKEMIA/SMOKING
Leukemia rates in smokers are higher than in non-smokers. As the number of cigarettes smoked daily increases, so does the leukemia incidence. The authors of this study feel that smoking may be responsible for most cases of leukemia in adults. Passive smokers (those who are exposed to other people's cigarette smoke) are also at increased leukemia risk. (British Medical Journal 297:657-659, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

TEA/CANCER
Tea drinking increases the risk of stomach, kidney and lung cancer. (British Journal of Cancer 58:397-401, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

TOBACCO/OBESITY/BREAST CANCER SPREAD
Women who use tobacco or are overweight are more likely to have early spread of breast cancer according to a University of California at Davis study. Habitual smokers were more likely to have lymph node involvement at the time of diagnosis of the disease. (Cancer 62:429-435, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

TUMORS/LEUKEMIA/FOOD INTAKE
Restricting food intake has been shown to reduce the number of radiation-induced tumors or leukemia rates in laboratory animals. Ninety-three percent of female rats exposed to radiation, but given all the food they would eat developed tumors, while only thirty-five percent of those on restricted diets did. Post- radiation leukemia incidence decreased from fifty percent to four percent on a restricted diet. The authors suggest that those with family history of cancer attempt to keep their body weight below the levels currently considered normal. (Cancer 62:1463-1465, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION/PROSTATE CANCER SPREAD
Transurethral resection, the most commonly used surgical procedure for enlarged prostates, has been shown to increase the likelihood of spread of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is a common cancer, with rapid increase in rates after age fifty. It is the most common single site of cancer in men over 70 years-of- age. (Cancer 62:2622-2627, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

ALLIUM VEGETABLES/STOMACH CANCER
The liberal use of allium foods (garlic, onions, scallions, Chinese chives) apparently decreases the risk of stomach cancer. Laboratory animal studies have demonstrated growth inhibition of several different tumor types when the animals were fed allium vegetables. Scallions, garlic, and Chinese chives were felt to be the most protective.
Several population studies have shown an association between onion intake and reduced risk of stomach cancer. An area of Georgia known for its onion production has about half the stomach cancer incidence of the remainder of the state. Rates were three times lower in Japanese people living in Hawaii who consumed onions about 21 times a month, when compared to those using them less than eight times per month. In Greece those who used lots of onions had less stomach cancer. Risk appears to decrease as intake increases.
Allium vegetables are known to have anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, and may inhibit bacterial growth in the stomach.
It is felt that both tumor initiation and growth is inhibited by the substances in these foods.
The consumption of sour pancakes (a fermented food), salty foods, moldy grain foods, smoking, chronic gastritis, and gastric ulcer were all associated with increased risk of stomach cancer. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 81:162-164, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

MILK DRINKING/LUNG CANCER RISK
Subjects in a Roswell Park Memorial Institute study who consumed whole milk three or more times per day demonstrated a two-fold increase in lung cancer risk, when compared to those who never drank whole milk. (International Journal of Cancer 43:608-612, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

NASAL MEDICATIONS/CANCER
Patients who developed sinonasal cancer were shown to have been more likely to have used nasal sprays or drops than similar non-cancer patients. (Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 42:243-8, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/BLADDER CANCER
Aspirin seems to promote the development of bladder cancer in laboratory animals according to a study done at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. (Cancer Research 49:372-377, January 15, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

MUSHROOMS/CANCER
Still another study from Dr. Bela Toth of the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer at the University of Nebraska Cancer Center reports a relationship between mushroom intake and cancer development. Agaricus bisporus, the commonly available mushroom found in grocery stores, induced bone, forestomach, lung and liver cancer in laboratory animals. (Anticancer Research 8(5B)1067, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

HIGH FAT DIET DURING PREGNANCY/CANCER IN OFFSPRING
Dr. Bruce Walker, professor of anatomy at Michigan State University, reported at the meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, that mothers who take a high-fat diet during pregnancy may increase their child's chance of later developing cancer of the reproductive system. Over half of the offspring of rats given a high fat diet developed reproductive system tumors, while only 21 percent of those on a low fat diet did so.
These studies have important implications for humans as women are often encouraged by their physicians to take diets high in whole milk, cheese, eggs, and red meat during pregnancy, and these foods are all high in fat. (Montgomery Advertiser, May 25, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD SUNBURNS/SKIN CANCERS
Severe sunburns before the age of 20 are more likely to lead to the later development of skin cancer than are sunburns after the age of 30. Parents should be careful to guard their children from sunburn. (Pediatrics 84:199, August, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

VASECTOMY/PROSTATE CANCER
Vasectomy may triple a man's risk of prostate cancer, according to a report presented at the latest Society for Epidemiologic Research meeting. (Medical Tribune 30(22)22, August 17, 1989) Although other studies have shown no relationship a study reported in the British Journal of Cancer last year also reported an increased risk of prostate cancer in vasectomized men. Copyright Phylis Austin

LACTOSE (MILK SUGAR)/OVARIAN CANCER
Lactose intake may increase the risk of ovarian cancer. A worldwide survey of ovarian cancer showed highest rates in countries where milk consumption was highest. (The Lancet 2:66-71, July 8, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

TUMOR GROWTH/LOW IRON DIET
A diet low in iron may hinder tumor growth according to a report from the Jefferson Medical College and Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Laboratory animals in their study were divided into two groups; one group received a normal diet, and the other received a low iron diet. After the animals on a low iron diet developed low blood iron levels both groups of animals were injected with cancer cells. Both groups of animals developed cancers, but the group on a low iron diet had smaller, more slowly growing tumors. The researchers observed that the more iron the animals received the faster their tumors grew. (Research Resources Reporter 13(11)5, 6, November 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST CANCER/COLON CANCER
Relatives of women who develop breast cancer are apparently at increased risk of developing colon cancer, according to a study carried out by the Department of Surgery at Queen Alexandria Hospital. Several recent studies indicate that the risk factors for breast cancer and colon cancer are very similar. Men relatives of women with breast cancer seem to be at even greater risk than women, although women had a two to three times increased risk. (European Journal of Surgical Oncology 15:109-111, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST IMPLANTS/CANCER DETECTION
Women who have breast implants are more likely to have advanced breast cancer before it is detected on mammograms. The implants interfere with good visualization of breast tissue. Women who are at high risk of breast cancer should not have breast implants, according to Dr. Melvin J. Silverstein, of the Breast Center of Van Nuys, California. (Internal Medicine News 23(5)36, March 1-14, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

COLORECTAL CANCER/DIET
A study from France revealed a significant relationship between the intake of fresh meat, dairy products and cereals, and the low intake of cruciferous vegetables, and colorectal cancer. (Inter- national Journal of Cancer 45:69-76, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

MILK CONSUMPTION/CANCER
Lymphatic organ cancers are associated with milk intake in a study from Norway. Cancers of the female reproductive organs and kidney also show a weak correlation with milk intake. (British Journal of Cancer 61:454-459, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

CALORIC RESTRICTION/LEUKEMIA
Reducing caloric intake may increase the body's ability to resist virus-induced leukemia. Earlier studies have shown that the development of several types of tumors are reduced in animals on a restricted caloric intake. (Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 193(2)164-6, February 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS/FATHER'S OCCUPATION
Children whose fathers were employed in fields that exposed them to low frequency electromagnetic fields (electronics and electrical fields) are at greater risk of developing a tumor of the nervous system. (International Journal of Epidemiology 18:756-762, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/CANCER
A world-wide survey of the relationship of diet and cancer again revealed an association between a diet high in total calories, meat, milk, eggs, animal proteins, and fats and oils and the risk of breast, prostate, colon and lung cancer. (Anticancer Research 10:1043-1050, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST CANCER/CHEMOTHERAPY
A study from the National Institutes of Health suggests that women with breast cancer whose tumor is less than 1 cm in diameter and who have no evidence of spread to the lymph nodes do not receive significant benefit from the use of chemotherapy. (Science 248:1602, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

MEAT/BREAST CANCER
A study of 14,500 Norwegian women revealed a positive association between the use of meat and breast cancer. Women who ate meat five or more times per week had a breast cancer incidence 80 percent higher than those who ate meat only twice a week. (International Journal of Cancer 46:12-15, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

HOT FOODS/STOMACH CANCER
A preference for very hot foods may increase one's risk of gastric cancer according to a report from Italy. The researchers feel that thermal irritation may play a role. (International Journal of Cancer 46:432-434, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST CANCER/CABBAGE
The intake of cabbage and collards reduced the incidence of induced breast cancer in laboratory animals in a study conducted at the University of Nebraska. (Carcinogenesis 11(7)1159-1163, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
The use of alcohol, tobacco, pork, smoked meats, and spices increase the risk of esophageal cancer according to a report from Yugoslavia. (Anticancer Research 10(5B)1459, September-October 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

GALLBLADDER REMOVAL/COLON CANCER
Removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) apparently increases the risk of colon cancer. It is felt that changes in bile metabolism may be responsible for this increased risk. (Cancer 66:2249-2252, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

PRENATAL X-RAY EXPOSURE/CHILDHOOD CANCER
A study from Stockholm, Sweden, suggests that children who are exposed to x-rays before birth are more likely to develop childhood cancer than are those who are exposed to the same amount of radiation after birth. (International Journal of Cancer 46:362-365, 1990) The risks of diagnostic tests during pregnancy should be carefully considered. Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/RECTAL CANCER
The use of a diet containing more than 5 percent saturated fats, beef, pork, poultry, bacon, nitrate-treated products, and a low fiber intake increase the risk of rectal cancer according to the Institute of Epidemiology of the School of Medicine in Visegradska, Yugoslavia. (Anticancer Research 10(5B)1456, September-October 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

PRENATAL CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE/CHILDHOOD CANCER
Children whose mothers smoke during the pregnancy are at increased risk of later development of childhood cancer according to a recent study. If the child's father (but not mother) smoked the child was at increased risk of brain cancer. (American Journal of Epidemiology 133(2)123-132, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

VAGINAL DOUCHING/CERVICAL CANCER
Douching may increase the risk of cervical cancer by changing the normal vaginal chemical environment. Women who douche more than once a week are at increased risk of developing cervical cancer. (American Journal of Epidemiology 133(4)368-375, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

TOBACCO USE/PROSTATE CANCER
Men who use tobacco in any form are at increased risk of developing prostate cancer. (American Journal of Epidemiology 133(5)437-441, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

FIBER/BREAST CANCER
A diet high in fiber and low in fats may decrease the risk of breast cancer. Laboratory rats given high-fiber diets developed fewer breast tumors than similar animals given little or no fiber. The researchers observed that doubling the amount of fiber in the typical Western diet would significantly reduce breast tumors in the laboratory animals. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 83:496-501, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

SUNSHINE/BREAST CANCER
The risk of fatal breast cancer is higher in areas of the country with low intensity sunlight according to a study from the University of California. It is felt that vitamin D reduces breast cancer risk. Since vitamin D comes from sunlight, exposure may reduce the risk of breast cancer. (Preventive Medicine 19:614-622, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

GALLSTONES/COLORECTAL CANCER/GASTRIC CANCER
A recent investigation has shown a possible relationship between gastric cancer, colorectal cancer and gallstones. The authors of the study suggest that the relationship is based on a similar causative factor, perhaps dietary fat. (Cancer 67:1696-1700, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

DAIRY FAT/CANCER
A Belgium study indicates that as dairy and lard fat intake increases so does the incidence of breast, prostate, rectal, colon and lung cancer. (Preventive Medicine 20:226-236, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/COLON CANCER
A study of registered nurses in eleven states revealed that those who consumed more animal fat and more red meat than white meat, and less crude fiber than controls, were at increased risk of developing colon cancer. (ACP Journal Club 114(Suppl 2)61, March- April 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

RADIATION DURING PREGNANCY/LEUKEMIA IN CHILDHOOD
A recent review of causes of childhood cancer reports that about five percent of all cases are attributed to radiation exposure during the pregnancy. Some cases are due to chemotherapy. Other causes are not known. Half of all cases of childhood leukemia die during the first five years after onset of the disease. (Archives of Disease in Childhood 66:179-80, 1991) Pregnant women should evaluate very carefully any radiologic procedure recommended during pregnancy--or even if she is likely to become pregnant. Copyright Phylis Austin

SUN SCREENS/TUMORS
Urocanic acid, found in sunscreens, body lotions, foundations or makeup bases, may trigger or stimulate the growth of skin tumors. Laboratory animals exposed to sunlamps after the application of urocanic acid had four times more tumors than those not treated with urocanic acid. (Medical Tribune, April 18, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

WALKING/CANCER PATIENTS
Cancer patients who are confined to bed, or who become sedentary in the face of their disease may suffer irreversible losses of function and energy. A study from Salt Lake City indicates that a walking program is helpful in improving feelings of well-being, and increasing energy levels. (Cancer Nursing 14(5)270-276, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

EXERCISE/COLON CANCER
A group of Harvard University alumni followed for 30 years revealed that highly active men had only half the risk of developing colon cancer as did their sedentary classmates. (Journal of National Cancer Institute 83:1324-1329, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING/RISKS
Dr. Frank Hinman, Jr. of the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine observes that mass screening for prostate cancer in elderly men may have more risks than benefits. While 2.5 percent of men die of prostate cancer, the greatest proportion of men screened for prostate cancer may be subjected to unnecessary stress and anxiety, expensive diagnostic testing, and unnecessary treatment. (Internal Medicine News 24(21)52, November 1-14, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

URINE RETENTION/BLADDER CANCER
Individuals who hold their urine for prolonged periods because it is inconvenient to go to the restroom may be increasing their risk of developing bladder cancer. This is particularly so for smokers, whose urine contains a potent carcinogen. (Science News 140:125, August 24, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

IRON/TUMOR GROWTH
A study from the Fox Chase Cancer Center and Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania reveals that high levels of dietary iron may stimulate tumor growth in cancer patients. (Cancer 68:2407-2410, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

PROSTATE CANCER/VITAMIN D
It has been hypothesized that vitamin D deficiency may contribute to prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is more common in Blacks, those in northern latitudes, and the elderly. All of these groups are known to have lower levels of vitamin D.
Vitamin D levels are largely influenced by sunlight exposure. (Anticancer Research 10:1307-1312, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

EATING FREQUENCY/COLON CANCER
A Swedish study indicates the frequency of snack eating may be related to the risk of colon cancer.
Earlier, largely ignored studies, have suggested that each eating episode over the course of the day increases colon cancer risk.
Regular meal intake did not seem to produce the same risk as did snack consumption. (Cancer Causes and Control 3:77-81, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

LUNG CANCER/MEAT INDUSTRY
Studies from Denmark, Sweden, England and Wales have shown an increased incidence of lung cancer in meat cutters and butchers. A study from Baltimore, Maryland, demonstrates an unusually high incidence of lung cancer in men who worked in slaughterhouses, chicken-slaughtering plants, meat-packing plants and the meat department of supermarkets. This excess incidence was not related to smoking. The researchers feel that workers may be exposed to viruses which produce lymphoma or leukemia in animals, and to papillomaviruses, which are associated with the development of cancer. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 83(18)1337-1339, September 18, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

DMSO/CANCER
A report from Greece suggests that there may be a relationship between the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the development of cancer. Laboratory rats given dilute solutions of DMSO under their skin developed unusually high rates of bladder and lung cancer. (Urology International 48:120, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

FLAXSEED/COLON CANCER
Flaxseed contains lignans which are felt to inhibit cancer. Laboratory rats injected with a cancer-causing agent and given flaxseed developed fewer colon cancers than similar rats not given flaxseed. The researchers conclude that flaxseed may protect against colon cancer. (Cancer Letters 63:159-165, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

CERVICAL CANCER/VAGINAL CANCER/PESSARY USE
Long-term use of a vaginal pessary for vaginal prolapse may cause irritation, which in turn, may lead to cancer. A study of 68 patients in France revealed that the mean interval between pessary insertion and the development of cancer was about 18 years. (Cancer 69:2505-2509, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIDEPRESSANTS/CANCER
Two widely used antidepressants, Elavil and Prozac, promote the growth of tumors in laboratory animals. Although the researchers do not feel that the drugs cause the cancer, they do seem to stimulate the growth of tumors already present.
Cancer patients often suffer from depression and may be given these medications. (Science 257:22-23, July 3, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

PROSTATE CANCER/CHICKENS
De Lamar Gibbons, M.D., of Kellogg, Idaho, points out that prostate cancer is rare in the Navahos of San Juan County, Utah. Between 1950 and 1985 there was one reported case, and that case was in the only man known to raise chickens and eat eggs.
Dr. Gibbons points out that raw or lightly cooked eggs may contain viruses which cause cancer. (Internal Medicine News 25(4), February 15, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

VITAMIN K INJECTIONS IN LABOR/CHILDHOOD CANCER
Infants of mothers given vitamin K injections during labor to prevent possible hemorrhage are at increased risk of developing childhood cancer. This is the second study demonstrating this relationship. (British Medical Journal 305:341-346, August 8, 1992) More evidence accumulates to show that supernutrition in any form carries some risk to the health. Copyright Phylis Austin

MILK/BREAST CANCER
Jacob Siegel, M.D., of Houston, Texas, points out that in parts of the world where milk is not widely used breast cancer is rare, while in countries such as Switzerland, Holland and Denmark, where milk is used in large amounts, breast cancer rates are high. (Cortlandt Forum, April 1992, p. 123) Copyright Phylis Austin

RADIOLOGIC TECHNICIANS/CANCER
Nearly four percent of all U.S. radiologic technicians have, or have had, some type of cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute. Those who had worked in the field for the longest times had the highest rates. Most of the cancers were skin, breast, and cervical cancers. (Internal Medicine News 26(5)46, March 1, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

PROSTATE CANCER/ANIMAL PRODUCTS
A diet high in animal products, particularly milk, increases the risk of prostate cancer, researchers from Italy report. Prostate cancer has become one of the leading causes of cancer death in the Western world. (Nutrition and Cancer 18:277-286, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

OVARIAN CANCER/FERTILITY DRUGS
The use of fertility drugs may increase the risk of ovarian cancer according to a recent study from the National Institutes of Health. White women in the study who had taken fertility drugs had three times the risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer and four times the risk of borderline ovarian tumors. (Fertility and Sterility 59(2)291-293, February 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING/CERVICAL CANCER
Cigarette smoking has been linked to cervical dysplasia. Other risk factors include early age of first intercourse, the number of sexual partners, diet, viral agents, and socioeconomic status. (Physician Assistant, March 1993, p. 57-60) Copyright Phylis Austin

PROSTATE CANCER/SURGERY
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in U.S. males. Treatment routines vary from one part of the country to another. The number of radical prostatectomies performed increased nearly six times in the time period of 1984 to 1990. A study from the Biomedical Information Communications Center of the Oregon Health Sciences University in Portland, Oregon, suggests that many men with localized prostate cancer may benefit from watchful waiting, rather than radical prostatectomy. They point out that vigorous treatment may result in such unwanted effects as loss of control of the urine and impotence, which may greatly reduce the man's quality of life. Treatment of advanced prostate cancer may prolong life an average of only about one year. The researchers conclude that in prostate cancer patients older than 70 years of age watchful waiting is a reasonable alternative. (Journal of the American Medical Association 269(2)2650-2658, May 26, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

PET BIRDS/LUNG CANCER
Exposure to pet birds increases the risk of lung cancer. (British Medical Journal 305:986-989, October 24, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST CANCER RISK
Women who have family histories of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer or prostate cancer are at increased risk of breast cancer. (Cancer 72:114-119, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAPSAICIN/STOMACH CANCER
A study from Mexico City revealed that chili pepper use increases the risk of gastric cancer. Heavy eaters of hot chili peppers were 17 times more likely than non-users to suffer stomach cancer, while medium users were four times more likely. (American Journal of Epidemiology 139(3)263-71, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

TOMATOES/CANCER
Tomatoes have several anti-cancer substances according to researchers at Cornell University. Tomatoes contain high concentrations of vitamin C, a known cancer-fighter. Chlorogenic and p-courmaric acids inhibit nitroso compounds, known powerful carcinogens.
Pineapples, strawberries, green peppers, and carrots also possess anti-nitroso properties. (Environmental Nutrition 17(3)1, March 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

ULTRASOUND/CANCER
Ultrasound appears to stimulate the growth of malignant tumors in laboratory animals. (Physical Therapy 73(6 Suppl)S21, June 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS/MALE BREAST CANCER
Several studies have suggested that exposure to electromagnetic fields during work may increase the risk of breast cancer in males. (The Lancet 337:737, March 23, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

PHYSICAL EXERCISE/CANCER
A study carried out by the National Institutes of Health showed that physical exercise decreases the risk of developing cancer. Inactive men were shown to be more likely to develop lung, colon, or rectal cancer, and inactive women were at increased risk of developing cervical and breast cancer. (American Journal of Public Health 79:744, June 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIETARY RESTRICTION/LYMPHOMA
Laboratory animals placed on dietary restriction developed lower rates of lymphoma than animals given the standard laboratory diet. (Cancer Research 54:3054-3061, June 1, 1994) Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymph nodes. This study suggests that reducing our food intake may decrease our risk of other cancers. Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIHISTAMINES/CANCER GROWTH
Three common antihistamines have been shown to stimulate the growth of tumors in laboratory animals. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 86(10)770-775, May 18, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

PROCESSED MEATS/CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA
Children who consume 12 or more hotdogs per month are at increased risk of developing leukemia, according to a report from the University of Southern California School of Medicine. Children of fathers who consumed large numbers of hot dogs were also at increased risk of leukemia. (Cancer Causes and Controls 5:195-202, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST CANCER/DIET
The intake of vitamin C and beta-carotene by women with breast cancer appears to improve their survival. (British Journal of Cancer 69:592-595, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

IRON/COLON CANCER
High iron intake apparently increases the risk of colon adenomas, which may later become colon cancers. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 86(6)455-460, March 16, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

IRON SUPPLEMENTS/BREAST CANCER
A few studies have revealed an association between high iron levels in the body and cancer. Researchers from the AMC Cancer Research Center in Denver now report that laboratory animals given iron and exposed to a cancer-causing agent developed higher rates of breast cancer than did similar animals not given the iron supplement. (American Institute for Cancer Research Newsletter (28)8, Winter 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

MAMMOGRAMS/BREAST CANCER SPREAD
Compression of the breasts during mammograms may rupture tiny cancers, encouraging the spread of cancer cells throughout the body. (The Lancet 343:979-980, April 15, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

HIGH FIBER DIETS/BREAST CANCER
A high-fiber diet may protect from the development of breast cancer according to a recent study from Australia. The use of whole grain breads, bran-based breakfast cereals, peas, beans and soybeans, dried fruits and nuts are all good sources of dietary fiber. (International Journal of Cancer 56:173-176, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

CURED MEAT/BROILED MEAT/CANCER IN CHILDREN
Children whose mothers consumed cured or broiled meat during their pregnancy are at greater risk of the later development of one of several types of cancer. Childhood brain tumors were more common in children whose mothers had consumed one or more hot dogs per week during the pregnancy.
Children who consume hamburgers once or more each week are at increased risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia; hot dog consumption by the child also increases the risk of brain tumors.
Earlier studies have shown a relationship between nitrite and nitrosamine intake and cancer, and it is felt that these substances are the cause of the increased risk. (Cancer Causes and Control 5:141-148, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

PESTICIDES/BREAST CANCER
Dr. Salvatore F. Biscardi of Woodbridge, Virginia, points out that there are at least 50 pesticides that are known to produce cancer in laboratory animals, yet are permitted on raw agricultural products. Many chemicals of this type are known to be soluble in fatty tissue, which may make the breasts a likely target for the pesticides. He points out that allowable pesticide residues are based on men's weight, not the typically lighter weight of women. (Oncology Times 13(2)36, February 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

PROZAC/ELAVIL/ANTIHISTAMINES/CANCER GROWTH
Prozac and Elavil are often given for depression in cancer patients. Some reports suggest that while these medications may not actually cause cancer they may stimulate the growth of already present cancers. Several antihistamines may act in a similar manner. (Scientific American 2713)22-23, September, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

PHYTOESTROGENS/SOYBEANS/TOFU/CANCER
Soy beverages and tofu contain phytoestrogens, which are known to inhibit prostate and breast cancer growth in laboratory experiments. Soy flour is a good source of phytoestrogens. One cup of whole wheat flour may often be replaced by one-third cup of soy flour and two-thirds cup of whole wheat flour without any change in the taste of the finished product. (Medical Tribune 35(15)8, August 11, 1994; Journal of the American Dietetic Association 94:739-743, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREASTFEEDING/BREAST CANCER
Earlier reports have suggested that women may reduce their risk of breast cancer by breastfeeding their children. A recent report suggests that breastfed infants are less likely to develop breast cancer later in life. (Epidemiology 5(3)324-331, May 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

MEAT INTAKE/BREAST CANCER
Over 14,000 New York women were followed for six years. It was revealed that the elevated consumption of certain foods of animal origin may help explain the role of diet in breast cancer. Those women who ate the most meat were most likely to develop breast cancer. Also an increased risk occurred as total and saturated fats went up. (Epidemiology 5:391-397, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

CERVICAL CANCER/SMOKING/PASSIVE SMOKING
Smokers are at increased risk of developing cervical cancer. Cervical cancer risk is also increased by passive smoke (inhaling the smoke of other smokers). (Journal of the American Medical Association 261(11)1593, March 17, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST CANCER/PERINATAL ENVIRONMENT
Women who use a high-fat diet during pregnancy may increase their offspring's risk of developing breast cancer in adulthood according to a new study from the Netherlands. Studies suggest that alcohol use or a high-stress level during pregnancy may also increase risk. It may be that high estrogen levels in utero increase vulnerability. (Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 31:273-284, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

EARLY MATURITY/BREAST CANCER RISK
Girls who have early onset menarche are known to be more likely to develop breast cancer. (Acta Oncologica 33(2)171-176, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

PROTEIN INTAKE/RENAL CELL CANCER
High protein intake increases the risk of developing renal cell cancer. High protein intake has been associated with several other renal diseases. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 86(15)1131-1139, 1994) Many reports indicate increased protein makes one more susceptible to various cancers, heart disease and arthritis. The most favorable diet for humans is, from all indications, a vegan vegetarian diet. Good cookbooks using no milk or eggs are now available. Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/OVARIAN CANCER
Saturated fats and eggs increase the risk of ovarian cancer, while vegetable fiber decreases risk, according to a study from Yale University School of Medicine. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 86(18)1409-1415, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST CANCER/BREASTFEEDING
Several recent reports have shown a relationship between nutrition in infancy and later breast cancer. A study of New York women showed that women who had been breastfed were less likely to develop breast cancer in adulthood, while those who were bottlefed are at increased risk. (Epidemiology 5:324-331, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST CANCER/PHYSICAL EXERCISE
Physical exercise has been shown to protect against breast cancer. Women 40 or less years of age who exercise regularly reduce their risk of breast cancer later in life. Those who participated in exercise 3.8 or more hours a week were less likely to suffer breast cancer. The researchers conclude that women should be encouraged in an exercise program during adolescence and early adulthood. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 86(18)1403-1408, September 21, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

TEENAGE DIET/BREAST CANCER
Teenagers who consume diets low in calcium and vitamin D in an attempt to control their weight may be setting the stage for later breast cancer. Animal studies have shown that vitamin D and calcium tend to inhibit some types of chemically induced cancer. (Primary Care and Cancer 14:8-9, February 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHLORINE/BREAST CANCER
There may be a relationship between trihalomethanes (THMs) which are found in chlorine-treated water and breast cancer. THMs are known to cause cancer, and have been associated with numerous cancers.
Organochlorines, substances made from chlorine, may be associated with breast cancer. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) is used in many vinyl products, particularly plumbing materials. Some pesticides also contain substances made from chlorine. Dioxin is a chlorine byproduct.
Organochlorides tend to accumulate in fatty tissue, such as is found in the breast. They depress the immune system, cause cell mutations, and hinder the body's natural ability to control cell growth.
Population studies have shown that women who are occupationally exposed to organochlorines have higher breast cancer rates. Breast cancer patients were found to have higher levels of organochlorides in their breast tissue, and breast cancer rates in Israel dropped after the use of pesticides containing organochlorides was reduced. (Good Medicine 3(1)8, 9, Winter, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST MILK/CARCINOGENS
Heterocyclic arylamine compounds found in a wide variety of cooked protein foods are known to be important carcinogens and mutagens. Researchers studied laboratory animals to determine that breastfeeding animals pass these substances on to their nursing offspring, exposing them to potent carcinogens. It is possible that meat-eating mothers may be passing these carcinogens to their breast-fed infants. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 86(14)1065-1070 AND 1041-1042, July 20, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

TUMOR GROWTH/CALORIC RESTRICTION/SOYBEANS
A low calorie diet has been shown to slow tumor growth and increase survival. A recent study showed that adding soybeans to the low calorie diet increased the beneficial effects. Levels of vitamins A and E are typically low in animals with tumors, but with soybean intake these vitamin levels often return to normal. (Cancer Letter 78:151-157, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

CANCER PATIENTS/EXERCISE
Natural killer cells (NK-cells) aid the body in its fight against cancer. A group of women suffering with breast cancer had increased levels of NK-cells after moderate exercise training. (Anticancer Research 14:1033-1036, 1994) Exercise is known to improve depression and lower stress levels. Copyright Phylis Austin

CONDOMS/FEMALE INFERTILITY/OVARIAN CANCER
Some now fear that the male condom may make women infertile. Talc, used on condom surfaces as a lubricant, may cause fibrosis on the woman's fallopian tubes, rendering her infertile. Talc is known to cause ovarian cancer. (What Doctors Don't Tell You 6(2)4, June 1995; Journal of the American Medical Association 273(11)846-847, March 15, 1995) Copyright Phylis Austin

ULTRASOUND/TUMOR SPREAD
Therapeutic ultrasound may theoretically hasten the spread of cancer in the body, cautions Dr. Linda Maxwell of Auckland, New Zealand. It is known that tumor manipulation during surgery or diagnostic procedures may cause the release of tumor cells which are carried to other parts of the body. It is possible that the mechanical massage associated with the application of therapeutic ultrasound may break open tumors, allowing their spread. (Physiotherapy 81(5)272-275, May, 1995) Copyright Phylis Austin

OVARIAN CANCER/WEIGHT GAIN IN INFANCY
Females who gain weigh rapidly during infancy may be at increased risk of ovarian cancer in adulthood. Earlier studies have shown a relationship between early menarche and tall height. (The Lancet 345:1087-1088, April 29, 1995) Children should not be allowed a high calorie, high fat diet, heavy in animal products (milk, eggs, meat), sweets, and junk foods as this diet is known to promote early maturity and increased height. (Science News May 1, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

DEPRESSION/LIGHT/CANCER PATIENTS
Three terminally ill cancer patients had increased energy levels, improvement in mood, and clearer thought processes during and after light exposure. The patients were so pleased with the results that they requested that the light treatments be continued after the study period. (Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 9:534-536, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

IRON/CANCER
Postmenopausal women who have high levels of body iron stores are at increased risk of cancer. (International Journal of Epidemiology 24(4)665-670, 1995) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/PROSTATE CANCER
A study from Japan demonstrates a relationship between the use of sugar, milk, meat, fats and oils and death from prostate cancer. (Japanese Journal of Cancer Clin 10(8)831-836, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY/OVARIAN CANCER
Women who use long-term estrogen replacement therapy are at increased risk of developing fatal ovarian cancer according to a study from Emory University and the American Cancer Society. (American Journal of Epidemiology 141(9)828-35, 1995) Copyright Phylis Austin

CERVICAL ADENOCARCINOMA RISK FACTORS
The incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma in women under 35 years-of-age has more than doubled since the 1970s. Los Angeles researchers studied nearly 600 women in an attempt to understand the factors which contribute to this disease. They report that the number of sexual partners before the age of 20, weight gain, and long-term use of oral contraceptives increase the risk. Women of low educational attainment and lower economic status also appear to be at increased risk. (Cancer Causes and Control 7:391-401, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANIMAL FAT/NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA
A diet high in red meat and animal fat increases the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in elderly women. Iowa researchers observed that women who had high intakes of animal protein from red meat, and particularly hamburger, were more likely to suffer this disease. High fruit intake decreased the risk. (Journal of the American Medical Association 275:1315-1321, May 1, 1996 Copyright Phylis Austin

CANCER/CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
Calcium channel blocker medications increase the risk of developing cancer. Calcium channel blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure, may block the body's natural anti-cancer mechanisms. (American Journal of Hypertension 9:695-699, 1996) You should try to find alternative treatments for high blood pressure. Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING FATHERS/CANCER IN CHILDREN
Men who smoke can damage their sperm, leading to cancer in their children. It is felt that up to 15 percent of childhood cancers may be attributable to smoking fathers. As the number of cigarettes smoked per day increased, so did the risk of cancer in their offspring. (British Journal of Cancer 75(1)134-138, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

FIBER INTAKE/BREAST CANCER
A combination of soluble and insoluble fiber intake may be more effective in reducing the risk of breast cancer than the use of just one type of fiber. A wide variety of high fiber foods will provide both types of fiber. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 88(13)899- 907, July 3, 1996) Soluble fiber is digested; insoluble fiber passes through the body without being digested. Copyright Phylis Austin

EXERCISE/BREAST CANCER RISK
Women who are physically active on the job and during leisure time reduce their risk of developing breast cancer. Daily leisure exercise was more effective than on-the-job activity, the effect was more pronounced in lean women, and more in premenopausal than in postmenopausal women. (New England Journal of Medicine 336:1269- 75, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

CALORIES/COLON CANCER
Persons who consume high calorie diets are at increased risk of colon cancer, according to a report from the University of Utah. Individuals in this study group who consumed the highest calorie diet were at 70 percent greater risk than similar people on a lower calorie intake. Five hundred extra calories a day increased the risk in men by 15 percent; in women the same calories increased risk 11 percent. Exercise, adequate fiber and calcium in the diet reduced the risk somewhat. (American Journal of Epidemiology 145:199-200, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

MEAT PREPARATION/CANCER RISK
Persons who use a diet high in grilled or barbecued meats are at increased risk of stomach cancer. High intake of processed meats and beef increased stomach cancer risk, while processed meat consumption increased the risk of esophageal cancer. Well-done beef also increased the risk. Heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, both known carcinogens, are increased in well-cooked and grilled meats. (International Journal of Cancer 71:14-19, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

GARLIC/BLADDER CANCER
Garlic has been used medicinally down through history, with reports of benefit for a wide range of diseases. Some studies have indicated that it may possess antitumor properties. A study from the Department of Urology at West Virginia University School of Medicine showed that laboratory mice given aged garlic extract in their drinking water before and after being injected with tumor cells known to cause bladder cancer had slowed growth of the tumors. Those mice who were given the highest percentage of garlic in their drinking water had slower tumor growth than those given less garlic.
Epidemiologists predicted that about 52,900 new cases of bladder cancer would be diagnosed in the United States in 1996, and that 11,700 people would die of it. (Cancer 79:1987094, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

HIGH FAT DIETS/PROSTATE CANCER
High fat diets increase the level of testosterone, a male hormone. Prostate cancer is more common in men with high testosterone levels. Men in the study group who consumed a high- fat, low-fiber diet had testosterone levels 13 to 15 percent higher than those who consumed a low-fat, high-fiber diet. (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64:850-5, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/BLADDER CANCER
The use of fried foods increases the risk of bladder cancer, while the use of fruit decreases the risk according to a recent report from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington. (American Journal of Epidemiology 144:484-495, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHOLESTEROL/CANCER
Many have felt that low cholesterol levels increase one's risk of cancer, as cancer patients sometimes have low cholesterol levels. A recent review from the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Department of Oncology at the University of Vienna, Austria, determined that there is no indication that low cholesterol levels contribute to the development of cancer. (Journal of Clinical Oncology 14:3043-3048, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST EXAMINATION/BREAST CANCER DEATH
Breast self-examination apparently does not reduce deaths from breast cancer, according to researchers from Sweden, the American Cancer Society, and the Centers for Disease Control. A 13-year study of over 548,000 women revealed no relationship between breast self-examination and mortality from breast cancer. (Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 43:137-140, 1997). Copyright Phylis Austin

MEAT/BREAST CANCER
A recent study from Uruguay shows a relationship between the consumption of meat (particularly red meat, beef, and fried meat) and breast cancer. Chemicals formed during the cooking process are apparently strong risk factors.
Uruguay has an exceptionally high rate of breast cancer, and meat is consumed in large amounts by this population. (Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 6:573-581, August 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

RED WINE/CATECHIN/CANCER
Catechin, a polyphenol found in red wine as well as a wide variety of fruits, legumes, and cereals, significantly delays tumor onset in laboratory animals. Earlier studies have shown that polyphenols reduce the risk of cancer. This study isolates catechin as possibly the most important. Fortunately polyphenols are common in plant foods; fruit is abundant in polyphenols. This report makes it clear that advocating the use of alcoholic beverages to reduce cancer risk is unnecessary. Alcohol is known to be carcinogenic; up to 3 percent of cancers in the United States may be due to alcohol use. (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64:748-756, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

MILK THISTLE/SKIN CANCER
Silymarin, an extract from milk thistle, may protect from the development of nonmelanoma skin cancer from excessive sun exposure. Preliminary studies in laboratory animals do not always apply to humans, so the researchers call for further studies. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 89(8)556-566, April 16, 1977) Copyright Phylis Austin