ASPIRIN/INSULIN
Aspirin use lowered tissue sensitivity to insulin produced inside the body. Even abnormally high levels of the insulin were inadequate to overcome this effect. (Internal Medicine News 17(9)18, May 1-14, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATIONS/MEMORY
Two types of blood pressure medications, propranolol hydrochloride and methyldopa, have been shown to induce memory impairment. Even though the test results clearly showed memory impairment most of the subjects were unaware of their memory loss. (Archives of General Psychiatry 40:1109-1112, October, 1983) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANALGESICS/HEADACHES
Pain medication taken for headache may actually cause the headache pain to last longer, according to William G. Speed III, of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore. Patients suffering muscle contraction headaches may become habitual users of pain medications, although they bring little or no pain relief. Dr. Speed states that continued use of analgesics feeds the pain rather than decreasing it. He says these patients will protest the removal of the pain medications, but cannot be helped until the use of the medication is stopped. (Internal Medicine News 17(4)44, July 15-31, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/ASTHMA
Aspirin may cause asthma attacks in sensitive individuals. A single tablet of aspirin caused significant small airway obstruction in some children with chronic asthma. The attacks occurred within minutes, or as a long as two hours after taking the aspirin. (Medical Tribune, January 22, 1975) Copyright Phylis Austin

CIMETIDINE(TAGAMET)/MENTAL PROBLEMS
Tagamet, frequently prescribed for peptic ulcer disease, may be associated with manic behavior and previously has been reported to cause temporary mental confusion in some patients. Two patients given Tagamet for two to three months became agitated, hyperactive and euphoric (having an excessive sense of well-being). Symptoms resolved five days after discontinuing the use of the Tagamet. One of the patients was again given Tagamet with return of the mental symptoms. (Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 44:267-268, 1983) Copyright Phylis Austin

DRUG DANGERS
Dr. Nicholas Macris of Cornell University Medical College and chief of the allergy/immunology section reports that abuse of over-the- counter drugs may lead to serious respiratory problems. He states that aspirin, inhalers and nose drops are among the readily available drugs which are frequently misused. A person who is sensitive to aspirin may develop nasal polyps. Afrin, a nasal decongestant, is used in large amounts and may produce serious abuse problems. Primatene mist is one of the most dangerous asthma medications according to Dr. Macris. It may cause irregularities of the heart rhythm. (Internal Medicine News 17(6)19, August 15-30, 1980) Copyright Phylis Austin

BETA BLOCKERS/JOINT PROBLEMS
Beta blockers, often given for heart disease and hypertension, may induce joint problems involving stiffness, discomfort and swelling. Most of the patients in the study group suffered shoulder joint discomfort, but others reported knee or finger joint involvement. Some suffered pain in multiple joints. Other symptoms described by the same group of patients included cold extremities, vision problems, dry mouth and stuffy nose. The symptoms disappeared after the beta blockers were discontinued. Switching to another beta blocker will not eliminate the problem in most patients. Inderal, Lopressor, Visken, Tenormin, and Blacadren are commonly used beta blockers. (British Medical Journal 287:1256-1257, 1983)

BETA-BLOCKER/BREATHING
Propranolol, a beta-blocker drug frequently used in the treatment of high blood pressure and some heart problems, has been shown to have a profound weakening effect on the diaphragm and respiratory muscles. The amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs with each breath may be decreased up to 15 percent. (American Family Physician 30(1)225, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/POST-TONSILLECTOMY HEMORRHAGE
Bleeding within the first 24 hours after tonsillectomy occurs in about one percent of patients. Even though it is well known that aspirin interferes with blood coagulation it continues to be used for pain relief following tonsillectomy. This study compared patients given aspirin with those given another pain medication. Those who received aspirin had a hemorrhage rate of 3.8 percent while those given paracetamol showed only 0.3 percent. The authors point out that the hemorrhage rate for those given paracetamol was well below the generally accepted average rate (probably receiving aspirin). (The Journal of Laryngology and Otology 98:803-805, August 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

DRUGS/PSYCHOSES
Antibiotics, blood pressure medications, sleep aids, cold preparations, anti-Parkinson medications, ulcer medications, even aspirin and caffeine are known to be capable of inducing psychoses. Many of these drugs are available over-the-counter, and are erroneously considered not dangerous. (Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 83(6)412-418, February 1984) Before taking any drug one should become thoroughly familiar with its toxicology, side effects, delayed effects years after taking it, its full metabolic impact, and its addicting and dependency tendencies. Copyright Phylis Austin

WATER IMMERSION/DIURETIC EFFECTS
Expansion of plasma volume has been shown somewhat helpful in the treatment of such complications of pregnancy as toxemia. A group of pregnant women hospitalized for high blood pressure were placed in a Hubbard hydrotherapy tank for 120 minutes, with water temperature at 35 degrees C. (95 degrees F.) and the water level up to the nipples. The water in the tank was agitated. Three out of four of these women demonstrated blood pressure decreases after the treatment.
Urine and sodium output both increased significantly following the treatment and several women reported that their shoes and rings fit better after the treatment.
The authors conclude that repeated immersion may be useful in toxemia of pregnancy.
Earlier studies showed that patients with ascites or edema, even though unresponsive to conventional therapy, had diuresis after water immersion. (Journal of Perinatal Medicine 12:173-177, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANALGESICS/DEMENTIA
Patients who use excessive amounts of pain medications containing phenacetin may develop an Alzheimer's disease-like dementia. The overuse of phenacetin may overpower the body's protective system, producing premature accumulation of lipofuscin (wear and tear pigment), and speeding neuronal aging. (The Lancet 2:242-245, July 31, 1971) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHLORAMPHENICOL/HEARING LOSS
Chloramphenicol is a commonly used antibiotic, even though it is well known that it has a toxic effect on the bone marrow. Studies have shown that applying it to the ear produces unwanted side-effects. Now a report of loss of hearing due to oral administration of chloramphenicol is reported in a 20 year old girl. She suffered diminished hearing in both ears, and follow-up for ten months showed the loss to be apparently permanent. (The Journal of Laryngology and Otology 98:523-525, May, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

TUMORS/CAPSAICIN
Capsaicin, present in hot peppers, induced adenocarcinomas of the duodenum in laboratory mice. The hotter the pepper, the more capsaicin present. (Anticancer Research 4:117-120, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/BLOOD PRESSURE
Patients with borderline or mild systolic blood pressure may be adversely affected by the use of aspirin. Patients given aspirin for 12 weeks demonstrated elevated systolic blood pressure. (Journal of the American College of Cardiology 5(2)442, February 1995) Copyright Phylis Austin

BETA BLOCKERS/HEARING LOSS
Several reports of hearing loss due to the use of beta blockers for the treatment of high blood pressure have appeared in the medical literature. A 29-year-old man developed bilateral loss of hearing while being given a beta blocker. (British Medical Journal 289:1490-1491, December 1, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

ALLERGIC REACTION/BEEF/ANTIBIOTICS
A 14-year-old girl sometimes suffered allergic reactions after eating beef. Careful study of the patient revealed that she had received a streptomycin injection when a young child, and apparently developed an allergy to it. Streptomycin is often given to cattle, and apparently some of it remained in the beef she ate, producing a dangerous allergic reaction in her. (Annals of Allergy 53:243-244 September 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATIONS/DIABETES
A Swedish study of 1462 women revealed a considerably increased risk of diabetes in hypertensives taking diuretics and/or beta blockers. (British Medical Journal 289:1495-1497, December 1, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIURETICS/ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE
Athletes often take diuretics in order to reduce their weight just prior to an athletic event. Dr. Jay E. Caldwell, director of the Alaska Sports Medicine Clinic in Anchorage, reports that athletes risk impairment of function of nerves and muscles, resulting in decreased athletic ability after the use of diuretics. (Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic News, March, 1985, p 35, 46) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASTHMA MEDICATIONS/CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CHANGES
Theophylline and ephedrine, often given as treatment for asthma, both induce changes in brain wave patterns. (Annals of Allergy 54:177-184, March, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

NITROGLYCERIN PATCHES
Skin patches containing nitroglycerin have become widely used in the last two years, and account for about one-fourth of all prescriptions written for nitroglycerin. Now studies are revealing that the patches are not effective for 24-hour delivery of nitroglycerin, and that the constant use of nitroglycerin may lead to drug tolerance, making the drug less effective. Additionally, the patches are more expensive than other forms of nitroglycerin. The Food and Drug Administration has called for a large study on the effectiveness of these patches; however, the study will be done by the three product manufacturers. (Patient Care, January 15, 1985, p. 151) Copyright Phylis Austin

SALICYLATES (ASPIRIN)/HEPATITIS
Children given large doses of aspirin to treat rheumatic fever may suffer hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). The salicylate levels found in these patients have in the past been considered nontoxic. The hepatitis may occur as early as the second week of therapy. (American Journal of Diseases of Children 139: 453-455, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

BETA-BLOCKERS/PSORIASIS
Beta-blockers given for heart problems may induce psoriasis symptoms according to several reports in current medical literature. (South African Medical Journal 66(13)474, September 19, 1984; Acta Derm. Venereol (Stockh)64(4)346-8, 1984; British Medical Journal 4:719, 1974; Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 56:239-243, 1976) Copyright Phylis Austin

WEIGHT LOSS DRUGS (CCK, DHEA)
Cholecystokinin (CCK) and dehydroepiandrosterone or dehydroandrosterone (DHEA) are currently being advertised as weight-loss drugs. The FDA reports that the manufacturers of these drugs have been instructed to stop selling them because they have not been proven safe or effective. Cholecystokinin is a hormone produced by the body and used during the digestive process. Promoters claim that it decreases appetite, leading to weight loss. DHEA is a steroidal hormone which has been advocated for the improvement of sex life, life-extension, and weight loss. It is sometimes manufactured from human urine and it considered by the FDA to be a drug. Risks of long-term use are not yet known, nor are its short-term effects on the body. (FDA Consumer, July-August, 1985, p. 4) Copyright Phylis Austin

TRAVELER'S DIARRHEA/ANTIBIOTICS
For years people traveling to foreign countries have taken antibiotics to prevent "tourista" or traveler's diarrhea. A National Institute of Health panel has recommended that travelers practice preventive hygiene and dietary measures to prevent traveler's diarrhea. They state that a large part of the traveling population is placed at risk of serious side effects to prevent a non-life threatening disease, which occurs in only a small portion of travelers. The panel states that traveler's diarrhea in generally self-limited and most cases last only three to four days. Symptoms include abdominal cramping, nausea, urgency, fever, malaise and bloating in addition to diarrhea. Food obtained from street vendors is associated with the highest risk of infection; foods prepared by the traveler himself with the least risk. Raw vegetables and fruits, raw meats and seafood, ice, tapwater, and dairy products are the most risky. (International Medicine News, March 15-31, 1985, page 62) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIHISTAMINES/PYLORIC STENOSIS
Mothers who take antihistamines may increase the risk of pyloric stenosis (narrowing of the pylorus) in their infants. Bendectin, which has been taken off the market because of the abnormalities it induced in infants, contained antihistamine. Even though Bendectin is no longer used, antihistamines continue to be widely used during pregnancy. Women of child-bearing age should be aware of this association. (American Journal of Epidemiology 122(1)196-197, July, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAPTOPRIL (CAPOTEN)/NAIL CHANGES
Four men given captopril for high blood pressure noticed changes in their nails within one to three months of beginning the medication. Physicians initially suspected a fungus infection but no fungi could be cultured from any of the patients. The findings included color changes, separation, loosening and crumbling of the nails. The condition improved after the medication was discontinued or reduced. (Lancet 1:1352-1353, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

STEROIDS/MENTAL CHANGES
Patients given steroids may suffer from mental changes including dementia and psychosis. Poor memory, lack of attention and concentration, decreased mental and occupational efficiency were improved after the steroids were discontinued. Some of the patients reported in the study were initially believed to have Alzheimer's disease. (American Journal of Psychiatry 141:369-372, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

PARKINSON'S DISEASE/LEVADOPA/MELANOMA
Parkinson's disease patients given levodopa may be at increased risk of developing melanoma (skin cancer). (Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 48:585-588, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

CIMETIDINE/RANITIDINE/GOUTY ARTHRITIS
Ulcer patients who have gouty arthritis may suffer an exacerbation of arthritis symptoms if given cimetidine (Tagamet) or ranitidine for their ulcers. (Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 19:201-2, March, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

ACNE/TETRACYCLINE
Tetracycline is often given on a long-term basis for the treatment of acne. Recent studies indicate that people given this antibiotic, and their near relatives, may develop germs which are antibiotic resistant. If these germs get out of control it may be difficult to eradicate them because of their resistance to the antibiotic. (The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 85(1)35-37, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

AMBULATION/OXYTOCIN
Four physicians from Finland compared oxytocin versus walking in prolonged labor. The women who were allowed to walk experienced a shorter second stage of labor, while women given oxytocin suffered more overly strong contractions. The authors feel that under some circumstances walking may be an alternative to oxytocin. (European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 20:199-208, 1985) Excessively strong contractions can cause a reduction in blood flow to the baby. Copyright Phylis Austin

TRICYCLIC ANTICEPRESSANTS/DENTAL CARIES
Medications given for depression may lead to increased amounts of tooth decay. The thickness of the saliva is increased and the mouth becomes dry, often within hours of beginning the use of these medications (but their "benefits" may take two to three weeks to appear). (General Dentistry 32:494-496, November-December, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/HEART DEFECTS
Infants of mothers who take aspirin during early pregnancy are at increased risk of heart defects. Aspirin taken during the first three months of pregnancy produced a two-fold increase in the risk of some heart defects. (New England Journal of Medicine 313(6)347-352, August 8, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANALGESICS/BLADDER CANCER
The risk of bladder cancer is increased in women who use pain medications containing phenacetin on a regular basis. The authors state that acetaminophen (Tylenol) is pharmacologically similar and the same association with it may be present. (New England Journal of Medicine 313:292-5, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS/REYE'S SYNDROME
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritics given long-term aspirin therapy had an incidence of Reye's syndrome 86 times higher than normal, according to a study based on Reyes syndrome incidence in Michigan in 1982 and 1983. (Medical World News, October 14, 1985, p. 34) Copyright Phylis Austin

BONE DESTRUCTION/DRUGS
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including aspirin, indomethacin (Indocin), ibuprofen (Motrin, Rufen), naproxen (Naprosyn), sulindac (Clinoril) piroxicam, flurbiprofen, azapropazone, diclofenac, fenclofenac, and ketoprofren, have been shown to destroy bone. The authors state that these drugs have "powerful" effects on cartilage and bone. (The Lancet 2:11-14, July 6, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAPSAICIN TOXICITY
Capsaicin, found in various hot peppers, has adverse effects on the peripheral nervous system. It also has adverse effects on several important centers in the brain, and on enzyme and neuroprotein function in the brain. Intestinal action on various nutrients, including protein, is altered to our injury. Furthermore, the blood vessels and heart are particularly sensitive to toxic factors in capsaicin. Copyright Phylis Austin

COLD MEDICATIONS/HEART DISEASE
The Georgia Affiliate of the American Heart Association has prepared a report cautioning physicians that cold remedies, often considered "harmless," may be more harmful than the cold they are given to treat. Phenyl-propanolamine and pseudoephedrine, found in many over-the-counter decongestants and cold remedies may cause high blood pressure and defective heart rhythms, which may even lead to death. Myocardial injury has been related to the use of phenylpropanolamine.. (Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia 75(3)176-178, March, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ANTIHISTAMINES
Antihistamines are one of the most frequently used medications and many are available over-the-counter, without prescription. A study of adverse effects of antihistamines listed nearly 100 side-effects including high blood pressure, insomnia, coma, delirium, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, delusions, hallucinations, paralysis, ringing in the ears, lack of appetite, constipation, diarrhea, irritability, headache, muscle twitching, nervousness, rapid heart rate, tremor, fatigue, lassitude, weakness, hysteria, depression, nightmares, blurred vision, double vision, heart murmur, vomiting, nausea, cerebral edema, electrocardiographic changes, low blood pressure, palpitations, nasal stuffiness, bronchial spasm, urinary frequency, painful urination, dermatitis, dryness of the mouth and respiratory passages, bone marrow depression, hemolytic anemia, early menses, breast enlargement, hypoglycemia, birth defects, syncope, urinary retention and skin rashes. (Postgraduate Medicine 79(2)75-86, February 1, 1986) No doubt many other side effects are yet to be discovered. A 1964 study, not included in this study, reported changes in brain waves as measured by the electroencephalogram. Copyright Phylis Austin

HEADACHE/PAIN MEDICATIONS
Two studies presented at the Second International Headache Conference at Copenhagen suggest that weaning chronic headache sufferers off the analgesics they have been using may be the best way to treat them. Dr. Randall Weeds of the New England Center for Headache in Cos Cob, Connecticut says that excessive use of acetaminophen and aspirin may intensify and perpetuate pain. Twelve of 27 patients in the study reported a significant decrease in head pain after one month with no medication at all. (Medical Tribune, January 29, 1986, p. 1, 14) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIHISTAMINES/DECONGESTANTS/OTITIS MEDIA
A Canadian study reveals no significant benefit in administering antihistamine-decongestants in the treatment of otitis media in children. Eighty-two children were studied; 38 were given antihistamine-decongestant medications and 44 received placebos. There were no significant differences in symptoms during the course of the treatment, and no differences in the rates of fever, pain, runny nose or cough. Children given the medication appeared more irritable on the third day. (Journal of Family Practice 22(1)39-43, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTACID TABLETS/CALCIUM
Many physicians (and antacid producers) are recommending the use of antacids as a source of calcium to prevent osteoporosis. Dr. Louis Avioli, professor of Medicine at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis points out that the calcium may not be biologically available. Calcium cannot be absorbed in the stomach unless acid is available, and the purpose of antacids is to tie up this free acid. Antacids also contain fillers which may further hinder absorption of the calcium. (Geriatrics 41(3)22, March, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

HEPATITIS/SELDANE
A 43-year-old woman developed jaundice (yellowing of the skin) and weakness while taking terfenadine (Seldane), an antihistamine prescribed for recurrent bouts of hives. Liver tests were abnormal, but she did not appear to have infectious hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). She used terfenadine intermittently over the next seven months, and had two more episodes of weakness, jaundice and abnormal liver function. Terfenadine was stopped after the third episode of jaundice, and liver function tests returned to normal. Annals of Internal Medicine 103:634, October, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

RANITIDINE/HEPATITIS
Ranitidine (Zantac), given for ulcer disease, has been shown to induce liver toxicity in several patients. A 65-year-old male who was being treated for chronic duodenal ulcer developed lack of appetite, fatigue, and muscular pain three weeks after being placed on ranitidine. Liver function tests were abnormal. The patient was taken off the medication and liver function tests returned to normal. (Annals of Internal Medicine 103:634-635, October, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

BRONCHOSPASM/INHALERS
Asthmatics are often given medication by inhalers to relieve bronchospasm (contraction of the smooth muscles of the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, which narrows the respiratory airways). Some asthmatics react adversely to some of the inert ingredients or propellent gases the inhalers contain, and suffer worsening of the symptoms the medication is given for. (Annals of Allergy 55:25-27, July, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

CODEINE/ACETAMINOPHEN/HALLUCINATIONS
A 20-year-old student given a medication containing codeine and acetaminophen for a sore throat developed paranoid symptoms and hallucinations. His mental symptoms cleared after the medication was discontinued. (Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology 7:193-194, March-April, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTACIDS/DYSPEPSIA
Patients with dyspepsia (indigestion, upset stomach) often take antacids in hope of relief. A study carried out in Sweden demonstrated that neither cimetidine nor antacids were helpful in these patients. (New England Journal of Medicine 314:339-43, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILI/CAPSAICIN/MUTAGENICITY
Chili and capsaicin demonstrated the ability to produce changes in heredity material which may play a role in the development of cancer. Chilies and capsaicin are known to cause liver cirrhosis, gastric ulcer, and damage to the duodenal mucosal, changes which may lead to stomach cancer. (Environmental Mutagenesis 7(6)881-888, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR/PARKINSONISM
A 42-year-old woman given Nardil for depression developed a Parkinsonian syndrome which cleared after the drug was discontinued. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (Eutonyl, Eutron, Nardil, Parnate) are given to treat depression or phobic states. (Postgraduate Medical Journal 62:235-236, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

STEROIDS/ASTHMA
Asthmatics are often given oral corticosteroids such as prednisone. They may develop bone weakness and cataracts as a side-effect of these medications. (Journal of the American Medical Association 249(19)2657, May 21, 1982) Copyright Phylis Austin

EPILEPSY/MEDICATION
Epileptic children whose medication has kept them seizure-free for two to four years may be successful in discontinuing their medications. Almost 90 children were tapered off medications, and 75 percent of them continued to be seizure free. (New England Journal of medicine 313:976-980, October 17, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

ACCUTANE/MUSCLE DAMAGE
Accutane (isotretinoin) may cause muscle damage according to a report from Israel. It has been estimated that 15 percent of patients given Accutane develop musculoskeletal symptoms during treatment.
Two young males given Accutane for nodulocystic acne developed weakness and muscle pain a few days after isotretinoin therapy was begun. They had muscle tenderness to touch. After the medication was discontinued the muscle pain gradually disappeared. Vitamin A toxicity is known to produce muscle stiffness and pain. (British Medical Journal 293:425-6, August 16, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

COLITIS/NON-STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS
The cause of ulcerative colitis is not yet understood, but symptoms have been observed following the use of certain drugs, including nearly all antibiotics, gold salts, phenindione, penicillamine, methyl dopa, cimetidine and methotrexate. A variation of inflammatory bowel disease has been observed with the use of oral contraceptives.
A recent study reveals that non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs given for arthritis may cause colitis (inflammation of the colon). The drugs specifically listed in this study included flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, naproxen and ibuprofen. (Postgraduate Medical Journal 62:773-776, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

ATHEROSCLEROSIS/CORTICOSTEROIDS
Corticosteroid medications may increase the rate of onset of atherosclerosis. Washington D.C. researchers have observed that patients given corticosteroids for such diseases as rheumatoid arthritis have elevated death rates, with cardiovascular disease a prominent cause of death in these patients. (American Journal of Medicine 80:925-929, May 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIBIOTICS/BLEEDING
Approximately 30 percent of patients given an antibiotic containing 1-N-methyl-5-thiotetrazole may develop significant gastrointestinal and urinary tract bleeding. These antibiotics (mazolactam, cefamandole, cefotetan, and cefoperazone) and as well as some penicillins impair platelet aggregation. (American Family Physician 34(1)264, July, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIHISTAMINES/COMMON COLD
An antihistamine given to a group of boys at summer camp was no more effective in treating the common cold than was a lactose-containing placebo. (American Journal of Diseases of Childhood 81(4)530-533, 1951) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIBIOTICS/CYSTITIS
Women who call their physician for antibiotics for frequent bladder infections may be contributing to a chronic inflammatory bladder condition. Chronic antibiotic use seems to destroy the protective layer of the bladder, and allows urine to reach and inflame the wall of the bladder. (Medical World News, June 9, 1986, p. 125) Copyright Phylis Austin

TAGAMET/MUSCLE PAIN
A 52-year-old woman suffered from severe muscle pain while taking cimetidine. The pain disappeared within a week of discontinuing the medication, and recurred after cimetidine (Tagamet) was restarted. (International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy and Toxicology 24(7)349-350, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

IBUPROFEN/KIDNEY DAMAGE
Ibuprofen (Advil, Nuprin), which is sold over-the-counter without a prescription for arthritis and pain relief, may cause damage to the kidneys. (Annals of Internal Medicine 105(2)303,304, August 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

CIMETIDINE/HOT FLASHES
One woman suffered hot flashes after starting the use of cimetidine. The hot flushes stopped after the medication was discontinued and appeared again after the drug was restarted. (Ugeskr Laeg 147(46)3702-3703, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Aspirin produces learning impairments in developing laboratory animals. Pregnant women should avoid the use of any form of aspirin. (Teratology 34(3)451, December 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

ACCUTANE/TENDON AND LIGAMENT CALCIFICATION
Accutane (isotretinoin) given to treat acne, produced calcifications of tendons and ligaments in 32 of 38 patients in a study carried out at the National Institutes of Health. The ankles, pelvis and knees were the most common sites of calcification. (New England Journal of Medicine 315(19)1177-82, November 6, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANIMALS/ANTIBIOTICS/HUMAN ILLNESS
Antibiotics given to animals may produce antibiotic-resistant bacteria which may cause human illness when the animals are eaten, reports the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta. Antibiotics are routinely given to most livestock to stimulate growth and protect against disease. Treatment is difficult when humans become infected with the antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (New England Journal of Medicine 326:565-70, March, 5, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

IRON-FOLATE SUPPLEMENTS/ZINC DEFICIENCY
Iron supplements are routinely given to pregnant woman despite the fact that their drop in hemoglobin is typically due to increased plasma volume and they are not really iron deficient. Folate supplements may also be given. Zinc deficiency is common in pregnant women in London and it has been shown in a recent study that iron-folate supplements decrease zinc absorption. Zinc, found in many foods, is often lost during processing. Zinc and iron complete for absorption in the intestine; high levels of iron inhibit zinc absorption. Folate supplements, even without iron, produced a 50 percent reduction in urinary zinc levels. Low zinc levels and high folate-iron supplementation have been associated with congenital malformations, fetal distress, and pregnancy complications. (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45:122-125, 1987). Copyright Phylis Austin

THIAZIDE DIURETICS/DIABETES
Dr. Terry Meriden, Medical Director of the Proctor Diabetes Unit in Pekin, Illinois, points out that thiazide diuretics, often given in the treatment of high blood pressure, are not without risk and may actually increase coronary morbidity and mortality, rather that decrease it. Four different studies have shown that thiazides are ineffective in preventing coronary disease. Furthermore they may have an adverse effect on glucose metabolism. (Medical Tribune, November 26, 1986, p. 46) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAPSAICIN/SHINGLES
Seventy-five percent of a group of patients received substantial relief of their shingles (herpes zoster) pain by applying capsaicin to the painful areas over a four week period. The capsaicin was applied in the form of a 0.25 percent cream five times a day for the first week, then three times a day for the next three weeks. This pain is difficult to treat by any medication. (Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 17:93-96, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

INHALERS/ASTHMATICS
From 1960 to 1983 purchases of asthma drugs increased 15-fold. Most of these drugs were bronchodilators. Now allergists are beginning to question the wisdom of the use of these medications. Franklin Adkinson, Jr., an allergist, states that bronchodilators may actually cause more harm than good. Researchers point out that bronchodilators decrease the symptoms, but do not cure the lung infection. The drugs tend to cover up the asthma symptoms. And both physician and patient think the patient is better than he actually is. They treat the symptom, but not the disease, which continues and may lead to a more severe episode of asthma, which may require hospitalization. (Current Contents 30(43)13-14, October 26, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN USE DURING PREGNANCY/CHILD INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT/ATTENTION DEFICIT
Children of women who take aspirin during the first half of pregnancy have been shown to have lower I.Q. scores and attention deficits. Previous studies have shown excess aspirin use during pregnancy to be associated with oral clefts, both major and minor anomalies, and central nervous system defects. Lower doses have been shown to reduce learning ability and produce overactivity. (Teratology 35:211-219, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASTHMA/STEROIDS/DIABETES
Patients given steroids to treat asthma or bronchitis may be at increased risk of developing diabetes. A study in Poland revealed that 25 percent of a group of steroid-treated asthmatics had overt diabetes and another 20 percent had impaired glucose tolerance. (Medical Tribune 28(43)2, December 2, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS/BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL
Persons who are taking one of the group of over-the -counter medications commonly called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain control may have trouble controlling their blood pressure. People who are suffering high blood pressure may develop weight gain and fluid retention, preventing their medications from controlling their high blood pressure. The drug, ibuprofen, is commonly sold under such trade names as Advil, Nuprin, Rufen, and Medipren. (Annals of Internal Medicine 107:628-535, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHLORAMPHENICOL/CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA
Chloramphenical, an antibiotic, has been associated with an increased risk of childhood leukemia. Use of this drug is restricted in the United States as it is known to induce aplastic anemia, but it is in common use in other parts of the world. (The Lancet, October 24, 1987, p. 934-937) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIHISTAMINES/COLDS
A panel at the ear, nose and throat diseases symposium of the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh stated that antihistamines should not be given in the treatment of the common cold as they are ineffective. Rest, fluid intake and time are as effective in the treatment of a cold as is any type of antihistamine. Americans spend about $775 million dollars a year for physician prescribed antihistamines and much more for over-the-counter non-prescription antihistamines. (Medical World News, February 8, 1988, p. 36-37) Even worse than its cost is the recent finding that certain antihistamines increase one's risk for cancer. Copyright Phylis Austin

EPILEPTIC MEDICATION WITHDRAWAL
A study from Ireland suggests that patients who have not had an epileptic seizure in two years may continue to do well if taken off their medication. Epilepsy drugs are known to have long-term adverse effects. (New England Journal of Medicine 318:942-6, April 14, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIURETIC EXPOSURE IN UTERO/RENAL STONES
An infant whose mother was given Lasix, a diuretic, during the pregnancy was observed to have renal stones at the time of delivery. This may be added to the list of reasons women should not be given diuretics during pregnancy. (Pediatrics 81(5)712-714, May 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN USE IN PREGNANCY
Aspirin use during pregnancy may result in lower birth weight of the offspring. Women who take aspirin throughout the pregnancy have infants with increased perinatal mortality rates, and aspirin may increase neonatal jaundice. (Journal of the National Medical Association 80(5)545-552, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

NASAL MEDICATIONS/CANCER
Patients who developed sinonasal cancer were shown to have been more likely to have used nasal sprays or drops than similar non-cancer patients. (Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 42:243-8, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/HEART DISEASE PREVENTION
Despite widely claimed benefits in the prevention of heart disease, healthy people should not take daily aspirin in the belief that it will prevent the development of heart disease, according to a report presented by Dr. Arnold M. Katz at the American College of Physician meeting. Dr. Katz, professor of medicine and chief of cardiology at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine states that while aspirin may be helpful to those with heart problems, there is no evidence that it will benefit those without heart disease. An increased incidence of sudden death and hemorrhagic stroke has been noted with aspirin use. Cardiovascular death rates were no different in people taking aspirin and those not taking aspirin in the study he reported. (Internal Medicine News 22(6)26, March 15-31, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/BLADDER CANCER
Aspirin seems to promote the development of bladder cancer in laboratory animals according to a study done at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. (Cancer Research 49:372-377, January 15, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATIONS/DIABETES
A study at the University of Uppsala in Sweden suggests that men who are predisposed to diabetes may be more likely to develop it if they are treated for high blood pressure. The medications may decrease insulin sensitivity, producing diabetes in those predisposed to it. (British Medical Journal 298:1147, April 29, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

DRUG PRESCRIPTIONS/FREE FLYING
Doctors who prescribe Inderal LA, a blood pressure medication manufactured by Ayerst Drug Company, are given travel points on American Airlines by simply filling out a simple form stating that they have prescribed the medication, and giving a little bit of information about the patient. For each prescription he writes the physician earns 1,000 points, and 50 prescriptions are sufficient to earn him a free ticket to anywhere in the continental United States. Unethical doctors write the prescriptions for a medication which is more expensive than other medications, which are probably just as effective. (Public Citizen Health Research Group Health Letter 5(5)12, May, 1989) Do you know why the doctor who wrote your last prescription chose that medication? Copyright Phylis Austin

NYQUIL/LIVER INJURY
Nyquil contains acetaminophen, which may cause liver injury. This popular cold remedy contains 1 g of acetaminophen per ounce, and 25 percent alcohol by volume; both substances are known to induce liver damage. (The American Journal of Gastroenterology 84(4)422- 425, April, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

IBUPROFEN/VISUAL DISTURBANCES
Several cases of visual problems, including blurring, were traced to the use of ibuprofen, an over-the-counter pain medication. (Annals of Ophthalmology 29:447-450, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHICKENPOX/ACETAMINOPHEN
Parents are cautioned against the use of aspirin in children with viral disease because of the association with Reye's syndrome. Therefore, many parents give acetaminophen (Tylenol, Datril, Panadol) for fever. A study from Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, Maryland, indicates that children with chickenpox who are given acetaminophen to reduce fever have symptoms for a longer time than do those children whose fever is not treated with medication. (Journal of Pediatrics 114:1045-8, 1989) The researchers concluded that fever was the body's natural response to illness, and was helpful in fighting off the infection. Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIHISTAMINES/COMMON COLD
Everyone knows that if you have a cold you should take an antihistamine--well, maybe not. Several recent studies indicate that there is no benefit from antihistamines except a placebo effect (the person thinks he receives benefit, so he does). Furthermore, some pediatricians believe that antihistamines increase the risk of developing otitis media (ear infection) by thickening middle ear secretions. (Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 7:216, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

TAGAMET/IMPOTENCE/BREAST ENLARGEMENT
Cimetidine (Tagamet), a common ulcer medication, has been shown to interfere with a male's ability to break down estradiol, a female hormone. High levels of estradiol may cause male breast enlargement and/or impotence. It has been estimated that as many as 10 million American males suffer from impotence. (Research Resources Reporter, January 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN USE/KIDNEY DISEASE/HEART DISEASE
A recent report which claimed that the daily use of aspirin decreased the risk of heart attack was sufficient to start many people on the program. A follow-up study demonstrated that those who took aspirin on a daily basis were more likely to develop kidney cancer than non-users, and revealed increased rates of ischemic heart disease in the aspirin users. (British Medical Journal 299:1247-1250, November 18, 1989) Other studies have shown that the apparent benefit from aspirin was not real. Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA
Nerve pain which may follow such diseases as shingles may be relieved by the external application of aspirin according to a report presented at the annual meeting of the American Pain Society. A group of patients treated at Boston University School of Medicine were told to crush one 325 mg. aspirin tablet into two tablespoons of Vaseline Intensive Care Lotion and apply it over the painful area two or three times a day. This type of pain is very difficult to treat. (Medical Tribune 31(2)9, January 25, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIBIOTICS/MILK
Reports of antibiotics in milk have recently appeared in the news, but a report quickly followed, claiming that these reports were inaccurate. An article in Vegetarian Times looks into the background of this problem.
Early studies, which did not make the national news, showed drugs in 63 to 86 percent of milk sold in the United States. Most of these drugs were antibiotics, which may produce severe allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to them. The continued exposure to antibiotics may make them ineffective in the treatment of severe illness.
Joseph Settepani, a chemist with the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine, points out that we do not know the consequences of long- term low-level drug exposure.
Some of the drugs found in milk are known to cause cancer in laboratory animals. The FDA has ordered that these drugs not be used in dairy cows, but they are readily available at farm supply stores, and since they are being found in tested milk samples it is obvious that they are still being used.
Studies to date have focused only on milk, but experts point out that yogurt, cheeses, infant formulas, ice creams, and powdered milk, and all other products containing milk are very likely also carrying drug residues.
The test utilized by the FDA to determine drug residues in milk tests for only two drugs -- any other drug in the milk would not be detected. (Vegetarian Times, June 1990, p. 51-58) Copyright Phylis Austin

OTITIS MEDIA/DECONGESTANTS/ANTIHISTAMINES
Otitis media (ear infection) is routinely treated with antihistamines and decongestants. There have been no studies demonstrating the effectiveness of these medications. (Pediatric Nursing 16(3)266-267, May-June 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIHISTAMINES/DRIVING
The use of antihistamines to treat symptoms of cold or allergy may impair the ability to drive which is compare to the intake of alcohol. (Medical World News, June 11, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

TANNING PILLS
"Tanning pills," commonly available by mail order or sold in tanning salons are reported to have caused aplastic anemia, which led to death in a healthy young woman. A 20-year-old woman was hospitalized with headaches, fatigue, a general feeling of not being well, easy bruising, and weight loss four months after beginning the use of canthaxanthin-containing tanning pills. She had noticed the onset of fatigue and easy bruising about two weeks after beginning the pills.
Canthaxanthin can remain in the body for long periods of time; it has been found in blood several months after use was discontinued. It may accumulate in the retina of the eye, and has been reported to cause hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) with itching and hives.
Canthaxanthin has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a tanning pill. (Journal of the American Medical Association 264(9)1141-1142, September 5, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

DRUGS/FEBRILE SEIZURES
John M. Freeman, M.D., of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions in Baltimore, Maryland, says we should "just say no!" to drugs for the treatment of febrile convulsions. He points out that febrile seizures are generally benign and do not require treatment. Furthermore, phenobarbital, the medication most commonly used, has been shown capable of lowering the child's I.Q. He urges health care providers to provide counseling and reassurance to parents rather than medications. (Pediatrics 86(4)624, October 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

COLD MEDICATIONS
Giving a child medications for the common cold may contribute to the child's later use of illicit drugs, according to Dr. Brent Taylor of the Royal Free Hospital in London. He points out that antibiotics are ineffective in the treatment of colds, and contribute to antibiotic resistant organisms. He feels that physicians should instruct children and their parents in self-care, rather than to depend on a chemical to solve their medical problem. (Pediatric News 23(10)57, October 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAPSAICIN/PSORIASIS
Capsaicin in a cream base has been shown helpful in relieving itch in psoriasis patients. (British Journal of Dermatology 123(4)549- 550, October 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

EXERCISE/BETA-BLOCKERS/ANGINA
A group of angina sufferers were taken off their beta-blocker medications and placed on an exercise program to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise in the relief of angina pain. The Canadian Air Force Program for Physical Fitness was used. This program uses five different types of exercises and requires no special equipment. The exercise was begun gradually, and increased as exercise tolerance increased. Within 6-8 weeks every patient in the exercise group reported improvement in their symptoms. The researchers concluded that exercise tolerance was greater in the exercise group than in the medication group, and that exercise training was as effective as beta blockers in producing symptom relief. (British Heart Journal 64:14-19, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

OBSTETRIC MEDICATION/ADDICTION IN CHILDREN
At least one earlier study has suggested that certain medications given to the mother during labor and delivery may cross the placental barrier and enter the child's system. This medication may make the child more likely to develop an addiction later on in life. A new study from Sweden supports this concept. A study comparing siblings whose mothers received certain types of drugs during labor revealed that these drug-affected children are more likely to later develop a drug addiction. Opiates, barbiturates, and nitrous oxide were particularly likely to have been used in the birth of children who later became addicted. (British Medical Journal 301:1067-70, November 10, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

PSYCHIATRIC DRUGS/YOUNG PEOPLE
Psychotropic drugs are drugs which alter moods, and include such drugs as anti-depressants, sedatives, stimulants and tranquilizers. A study from the Adolescent Unit, of Southampton Rotational Training Scheme, raises questions about the use of psychotropic drugs in children and adolescents. A survey of drug prescriptions revealed that 73 percent of a group of general practitioners and 68 percent of child psychiatrists had prescribed at least one psychotropic drug to children under 17 years of age. Even more alarming was the fact that these drugs are given for such minor problems as bedwetting. (British Medical Journal 302:217-8, January 26, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTACIDS/FOOD SUPPLEMENTS/DIARRHEA
People who take large amounts of antacids or magnesium supplements may develop chronic diarrhea. This should be considered before undergoing extensive work-up for diarrhea. (The New England Journal of Medicine 324:1012-1207, April 11, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

DRUG COST
A group of physicians from the MacNeal Cancer Center in Berwyn, Illinois, recently wrote the New England Journal of Medicine asking why levamisole, a medication being used in the treatment of colon cancer, costs human beings about five dollars a tablet, but the same medication, which has been used for about twenty years to deworm animals, costs about five cents per tablet. The drug company, in response, pointed out that this cost was less than other life-saving drugs such as AZT. (New England Journal of Medicine 323(10)701-702, March 7, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIHISTAMINES/RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
The use of antihistamines may dry respiratory secretions, making it more difficult for the body to eliminate them, and prolonging the respiratory infection. Bacterial growth may be encouraged by the retained secretions. (Cortlandt Forum 3(10)35, October 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIGOXIN/ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Digitalis has been given in various forms over the past 200 years to treat atrial fibrillation (rapid, irregular heart beat). Recent studies suggest that digoxin, a substance found in digitalis, which has been considered the standardized treatment for atrial fibrillation, is not only not helpful, but may actually worsen the problem. (Annals of Internal Medicine 114(7):573-575, April 1, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS/PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
The risk of serious ulcer disease is elevated in people using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This group of medications includes such products as ibuprofen. This may be a particular hazard for elderly people. (Annals of Internal Medicine 114(4)257- 263, February 15, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/ANGINA PECTORIS (CHEST PAIN)
The newspapers recently broadcast far and wide that the daily use of aspirin decreased the incidence of angina pectoris. A second look at this study reveals that aspirin is not effective in either preventing the onset of angina, nor in controlling it after it has occurred. (ACP Journal Club 114(Suppl 2)39, March-April 1991) METHYLMERCURY EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY/CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT A study of children exposed to methylmercury during pregnancy by the mother's intake of mercury-containing fish revealed that these children may suffer long-range effects on development and mental functions. (Archives of Environmental Health 46(2)118, March-April 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/ACETAMINOPHEN/COMMON COLD
A group of volunteers inoculated with cold virus, then treated with either aspirin or acetaminophen demonstrated increased nasal swelling and obstruction, and longer duration of virus shedding than a similar group not given the medications. The group given medication also suffered suppression of the immune system! Earlier studies have shown that children given acetaminophen for relief of varicella infections suffered symptoms over longer periods of time than those not given acetaminophen. (The Journal of Infectious Diseases 162:1277-1282, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS/COLONIC STRICTURES
It is well known that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may affect the entire gastrointestinal tract. Recently several reports have appeared in the literature of persons who developed colon strictures while using NSAIDS. (Gastroenterology 100(4)1119-1122, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIBIOTICS/MALE FERTILITY
Antibiotics have been shown to have an adverse effect on sperm function and sperm production. A male factor is responsible for about half of the cases in couples evaluated for primary infertility. Antibiotic use should be considered in the evaluation of infertility. (Fertility and Sterility 55(2)235-242, February, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIURETICS/DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetics given diuretics to lower their blood pressure may be at increased risk of death. A study from Boston urges that until physicians can prove clinical benefit from diuretics they not prescribe them. (Archives of Internal Medicine 151:1350-1356, July 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

COLIC MEDICATION
A study from the Southwest Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Institute in Lake Jackson, Texas reports that eight infants referred for investigation had life threatening symptoms after being given colic medication. (Clinical Pediatrics 30(5)281-285, May 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

DRUG DOSAGE
Have you ever wondered how drug manufacturers know how much of each medication to put in a dose? Most prescription medications come in only two or three sizes. (Imagine having only two or three sizes of shoes to select from.)
A London pharmacist investigated why drug companies made only a limited number of drug dosages. He learned that producing multiple dosages would cost the drug company more in manufacturing expenses, so they base their calculations on the dosage for 90 percent of the population. Those not in the 90 percent may suffer side effects due to overdoses.
In the determination of adequate dosage, drug companies round off the numbers. This may produce as much as 70 percent increase in the medication in some cases; the average is probably 25 percent. (The Lancet 337:346-348, February 9, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAPSAICIN/TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
Capsaicin, from red pepper, has recently been reported helpful in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. An ointment containing capsaicin was applied over the painful area three times a day. Six of 12 patients had complete pain relief, four patients reported a decrease in pain, and two patients reported no benefit. (Anesthesia and Analgesia 74:375-377, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIBIOTICS/DRUG RESISTANCE
Still another voice is raised warning that the overuse of antibiotics leads to the development of resistant organisms.
Eugene Sanders, M.D., Chairman of Medical Microbiology at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska, told his colleagues at the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy that it was their responsibility to educate their fellow physicians regarding the proper use of these medications. (Oncology Times XIV (2)45, 46, February 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

DRUG ADVERTISEMENTS
Drug advertisements in medical journals are often misleading, and may lead your physician to prescribe a medication that he would not otherwise use. In about one-third of advertisements evaluated by two physicians and one academic clinical pharmacist, the reviewers did not agree with the statement that the advertised drug was the "drug of choice" for the disease to be treated. Headlines in about one-third of the advertisements were considered misleading by the reviewers. Over half of the advertisements were considered to be without educational value. The reviewers felt that 28 percent of the advertisements evaluated should not have been published at all, and major revisions were needed in 34 percent of them before they were suitable for publication. (Annals of Internal Medicine 116:912- 919, June 1, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

MEDICATION DOSAGES IN CHILDREN
Many children are being overdosed with medications because parents misread the markers in the provided cup or misunderstand dosage instructions. Some children receive several times the recommended dosages. (Infectious Diseases in Children 5(5)5, May, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

CLOT BUSTING DRUGS/ANGIOPLASTY
Heart attack victims who are given streptokinase to dissolve clots in the heart should not undergo a surgical procedure called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) according to a study reported in the American Heart Association's journal. They observed a longer, more complicated, and more expensive hospital course in those given the drugs before undergoing the procedure. The multi-center study concluded that patients whose condition stabilizes after drug therapy should not undergo PTCA. (Circulation 86:1710-1717, December 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

DRUG ADVERTISEMENTS
Drug advertisements in medical journals are often misleading, and may lead your physician to prescribe a medication that he would not otherwise use. In about one-third of advertisements evaluated by two physicians and one academic clinical pharmacist, the reviewers did not agree with the statement that the advertised drug was the "drug of choice" for the disease to be treated.
Headlines in about one-third of the advertisements were considered misleading by the reviewers.
Over half of the advertisements were considered to be without educational value. The reviewers felt that 28 percent of the advertisements evaluated should not have been published at all, and major revisions were needed in 34 percent of them before they were suitable for publication. (Annals of Internal Medicine 116:912- 919, June 1, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

MEDICATION DOSAGES IN CHILDREN
Many children are being overdosed with medications because parents misread the markers in the provided cup or misunderstand dosage instructions. Some children receive several times the recommended dosages. (Infectious Diseases in Children 5(5)5, May, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

CLOT BUSTING DRUGS/ANGIOPLASTY
Heart attack victims who are given streptokinase to dissolve clots in the heart should not undergo a surgical procedure called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) according to a study reported in the American Heart Association's journal. They observed a longer, more complicated, and more expensive hospital course in those given the drugs before undergoing the procedure. The multi-center study concluded that patients whose condition stabilizes after drug therapy should not undergo PTCA. (Circulation 86:1710-1717, December 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS/COLON
Non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs may increase colonic permeability. This may allow entry into the bloodstream of substances from the colon which should ordinarily be kept out. These substances may be irritating to the blood vessels, joints, and immune system, causing allergies and other symptoms. (Gut 32(1)66-69, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIURETIC/LUPUS
Hydrochlorothiazide diuretics may induce lupus erythematosus in sensitive individuals according to a report from the University of Louisville School of Medicine.
An earlier report in the medical literature reported that PUVA therapy for psoriasis may induce lupus erythematosus. Several other medications, including griseofulvin and sulfasalazine have been associated with lupus, and some wonder if the sulfonylureas, which are often used in diabetes, may not also induce lupus. (Internal Medicine News 24(1)34, January 1-14, 1991) A total vegetarian diet has been reported helpful in lupus, instituted after seven to ten days of total fasting. (Medical Tribune, June 11, 1992, p. 32) Copyright Phylis Austin

MEDICATIONS/INFERTILITY
Women who have used thyroid preparations or antidepressants are at increased risk of being unable to conceive. Tranquilizers also decreased fertility. The use of asthma medications before 21 years of age increased the risk of infertility in this study. (Epidemiology 4(2)151-156, March 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/INFERTILITY
Aspirin reduces sperm activity in men, making it less likely that they will become fathers. A study from Columbia Hospital for Women and the Children's National Medical Center in Washington reveals that even the standard dose of aspirin significantly reduces sperm motility. (American Health, January-February 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

COLD MEDICATIONS/INFANTS
Infants often tolerate cold medications poorly, and may become excessively irritable or lethargic when given the medications. In 1988 poison control centers received almost 77,000 phone calls regarding adverse reactions to cough and cold medications. Most of the adverse reactions occurred in children less than six years of age.
Infants may vomit, have a dry mouth, flushed face, dizziness, tremor, seizures, lethargy, drowsiness, or even coma. The blood pressure may shoot up, the heart rate increase, heart rates become irregular, or the fever rise. The infant or child may become nervous, anxious, or overactive. In some cases they may suffer hallucinations.
Dr. Ann Gadomski, assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Maryland School of Medicine suggests that parents treat cold symptoms by keeping the child well hydrated. A bulb syringe may be used to clear the nasal passages, and a humidifier will moisten secretions, making them easier to move. Placing the child on his side or face down will prevent secretions from draining down the throat. Smokers should not be allowed near children suffering from colds. (Emergency Medicine, October 15, 1992, p. 201-207) Copyright Phylis Austin

OVARIAN CANCER/FERTILITY DRUGS
The use of fertility drugs may increase the risk of ovarian cancer according to a recent study from the National Institutes of Health. White women in the study who had taken fertility drugs had three times the risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer and four times the risk of borderline ovarian tumors. (Fertility and Sterility 59(2)291-293, February 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/APPENDICITIS
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin, may increase the risk of appendicitis according to a study from Scotland. A study of 84 patients, all over 50 years of age, revealed that 37 percent of appendicitis sufferers were currently using NSAIDs, compared to 11 percent of control cases. The white blood cell count in NSAID users with appendicitis was significantly higher than in those who were not using them. (Gastroenterology 104(5)1571-1573, May 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIBIOTICS/BRONCHITIS
A study of the treatment of bronchitis suggests that antibiotics are ineffective. (Journal of Family Practice 36(5)507-512, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

COUGH MEDICATION/CHILDREN
Children are frequently given cough preparations containing either codeine or dextromethorphan. A study from the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Washington in Seattle, suggests that placebo is as effective as either codeine or dextromethorphan in night-time cough reduction. (Journal of Pediatrics 122:799-802, 1993) We suggest a good drink of water for each cough episode. Water is both safe and effective. Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIBIOTICS/CANDIDA/INFANTS
Infants (and adults) given antibiotics are at increased risk of developing a systemic candida infection. As the duration of antibiotic treatment increases, so does risk of systemic infection. (Pediatric Research 33(4 Pt 2)288A, April 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIBIOTICS/LIVER INFLAMMATION
Three types of antibiotics (tetracyclines, erythromycins and sulfonamides) may cause hepatitis (liver inflammation). Sulfonamides were most likely to induce liver inflammation, and tetracyclines the least. Because of the large numbers of antibiotics given in this country this may be a much more significant health care problem than we understand.
Isoniazid and rifampicin, both given in the treatment of tuberculosis, were also shown to be capable of inducing liver inflammation. (Medical Abstracts Newsletter 13(11)1, November 1993; Annals of Internal Medicine 119:576-583, October 1, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAPSAICIN/STOMACH CANCER
A study from Mexico City revealed that chili pepper use increases the risk of gastric cancer. Heavy eaters of hot chili peppers were 17 times more likely than non-users to suffer stomach cancer, while medium users were four times more likely. (American Journal of Epidemiology 139(3)263-71, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIHISTAMINES/CANCER GROWTH
Three common antihistamines have been shown to stimulate the growth of tumors in laboratory animals. (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 86(10)770-775, May 18, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

LIDOCAINE
Lidocaine, a frequently used local anesthetic, may be a carcinogen. More than 4 million dollars are spent on lidocaine every year. It is often used in dental offices, and is used in the treatment of heart arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythm). Scientific American 270(5)28-29, May 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

PROZAC/ELAVIL/ANTIHISTAMINES/CANCER GROWTH
Prozac and Elavil are often given for depression in cancer patients. Some reports suggest that while these medications may not actually cause cancer they may stimulate the growth of already present cancers. Several antihistamines may act in a similar manner. (Scientific American 2713)22-23, September, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

NSAIDS/MENTAL IMPAIRMENT
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may cause mental impairment in the elderly. Some of the memory loss reported in elderly people may be caused by these frequently given medications. (Arthritis and Rheumatism 37(9 Suppl)S197, September 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

GALLSTONES/CURCUMIN/CAPSAICIN
Cholesterol gallstones regressed in laboratory animals given a diet containing 0.5 percent curcumin or 5 mg percent capsaicin for 10 weeks. Eighty percent of the animals showed gallstone regression after ten weeks.
Cholesterol also decreased during the study period. (Nutrition Research 14(10)1561-1574, 1994) Curcumin is in turmeric and capsaicin is in cayenne or red pepper. Copyright Phylis Austin

CROHN'S DISEASE/ANTIBIOTICS
Crohn's disease was a relatively uncommon disease until the 1950s, but has shown a dramatic increase since then. This increase in incidence has paralleled the increase in the use of antibiotics. A study from Germany points out that antibiotics may stimulate bacteria to produce toxins or may make them invasive. (Hepato- Gastroenterology 41:549-551, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS/INFERTILITY
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may cause infertility in women. (British Journal of Rheumatology 35:76-78, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIBIOTICS/COMMON COLD
Physicians are still prescribing antibiotics for the common cold, even though they are ineffective against cold-causing viruses. Lexington, Kentucky researchers warn that this unwarranted use of antibiotics may contribute to antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
The physicians interviewed during the study indicated that they prescribed the antibiotics because of patient expectations and fear that the patient would be dissatisfied and go to another physician if not given medication. (The Journal of Family Practice 42(4)357-361, April 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAPSAICIN/NECK/SHOULDER PAIN
Many suffer with chronic neck and shoulder pain, which may be attributed to a wide variety of causes. Capsaicin cream applications may relieve this pain. The subjects in this study applied the cream four times a day over a five week period. (American Journal of Physical Rehabilitation 74:39-44, 1995) Copyright Phylis Austin

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATIONS
A wide variety of medications given to lower high blood pressure have adverse effects such as depression, sexual dysfunction or impotence, nausea, loss of appetite, fatigue, and low blood pressure. Diuretics are often given in association with other medications. Recent studies have shown that diuretics cause an 11-fold increase in diabetes mellitus. (British Medical Journal, March 26, 1994; What Doctors Don't Tell You 5(11)1, 3, March 1995) Proper diet and exercise will go far toward controlling high blood pressure without medication. Copyright Phylis Austin

NSAIDS/HEALTH CARE COSTS
A study of over 75,000 Tennessee Medicaid enrolles who were at least 65 years of age revealed that NSAIDS, other than aspirin, caused increased medical expenses for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Occasional NSAID users required an additional $46 in medical costs, while regular users had an excess of $111 in medical expenses. (Journal of General Internal Medicine 11:461-469, 1996) Aspirin use was not included in the study as they followed only patients given prescription NSAIDs, but aspirin cannot be considered risk free in this group. Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIBIOTICS/CHILDREN
A study from the University of Iowa revealed that 70 percent of infants had been given at least one antibiotic by the time they were 200 days (about six months) old. The most frequent reason was otitis media. This early exposure may contribute to antibiotic resistance and increased medical costs. (Archives of Family Medicine 5:523-526, 1996). Parents should discuss with their health care provider whether or not the antibiotic is necessary before giving it to the infant. Many report that strict avoidance of cow's milk greatly reduces or entirely eliminates the incidence of otitis media. Copyright Phylis Austin

GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING/ASPIRIN
Buffered or enteric-coated aspirin are often advocated as a method to administer aspirin without the risk of producing gastrointestinal bleeding. A review from the School of Public Health and Boston University School of Medicine indicates that this may not be the case. Low doses of buffered or enteric-coated aspirin produced a three-fold increase in the rate of major upper gastrointestinal bleeding. (Lancet 348:1413-1416, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

SINUSITIS/ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics did not improve acute maxillary sinusitis any more than a placebo pill in a study of 214 adult sinusitis sufferers. Those given the placebo did not have higher rates of complication or recurrent episodes. The authors conclude that sinusitis patients may be treated symptomatically, without the use of antibiotics. (The Lancet 349:683-87, March 8, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAPSAICIN CREAM/SURGICAL PAIN
A topical capsaicin cream decreased postsurgical pain in a group of cancer patients. Side effects of skin burning and redness, and coughing were reported by some, but those who tolerated the treatment reported improvement in their pain levels. (Journal of Clinical Oncology 15:2974-2980, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIBIOTICS/URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN WOMEN
Women who use antibiotics for any reason are at increased risk of developing a urinary tract infection afterward. The increased risk may persist for 15 to 28 days. The antibiotics apparently change the normal flora, allowing pathogenic bacteria to grow. (Clinical Infectious Diseases 25:63-68, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin