CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA/DIET
Polish scientists report that 13 leukemic children have responded well to a low-protein diet free from purine. Meats are high in purines. (Science News 89:423, May 28, 1966) Copyright Phylis Austin

INFANT HOSPITALIZATION/ASTHMA/ALLERGIES/BRONCHITIS
Of 378 children who had been hospitalized for surgical procedures before the age of two years, 62 percent later developed allergies, compared with an allergy rate of only 12 percent in those not hospitalized.
In a study of 1,674 children hospitalized before the age of two years, 13 percent of them showed later asthma, as compared to 5 percent for the non-hospitalized group. Children admitted during the first year of life had a 14 to 16 percent chance of developing bronchitis, compared with seven percent in the non-hospitalized group. (Pediatrics 56(3)398-403, September, 1975) Copyright Phylis Austin

COLIC/BREAST FEEDING
Colic in breast-fed infants may be due to the mother's intake of cow's milk. Studies suggest that a macromolecular substance in cow's milk is transmitted to the baby through the breast milk, and produces colic. Eliminating cow's milk from the mother's diet resulted in prompt disappearance of the infant's colic. (The Lancet 2:437, 1980) Copyright Phylis Austin

NEONATAL JAUNDICE/CHARCOAL
Neonatal jaundice caused by excess bilirubin in the blood is relatively frequent in infants, particularly those that are premature or those that are breastfed. The immature liver is at fault, and breast feeding enhances the process, as an enzyme interferes with the activation of bilirubin by the liver. Charcoal adsorbs bilirubin well from duodenal fluid. In premature infants, one gram per day causes only part of the bilirubin to be bound, but 4.5 grams per day of charcoal adsorbs all but a small amount of bilirubin from the duodenum. If charcoal feeding is started at 12 hours of age, it is less effective than when the charcoal is begun at 4 hours of age, as enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin may play an important role in determining the bilirubin pool during the first few hours of life. (Cooney, David O. Activated Charcoal: Antidotal and Other Medical uses. 1980. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York) Copyright Phylis Austin

GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING IN INFANTS/COW'S MILK
Fifty-percent of a group of infants studied for iron-deficiency anemia demonstrated gastrointestinal bleeding due to the ingestion of whole cow's milk. These babies showed an abnormal decrease in the amount of protein and copper in the blood. Their fecal blood loss was 1.7 ml per day, compared to 3.1 ml per day on a soya milk substitute. Increasing the amount of cow's milk the babies consumed increased the fecal blood loss. (Journal of Pediatrics 84:335, March 1974) Copyright Phylis Austin

PASSIVE SMOKING/INFANT COLIC
Only 32 percent of infants with non-smoking parents suffered colic after meals, while 91 percent of infants in homes where the father smoked 20 or more cigarettes per day suffered colic. As the parent's smoking habits increased, so did the rate of colic in infants. (British Medical Journal 289:660, September 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

BIRTH CONTROL/FIBROCYSTIC DISEASE OF THE BREAST
Women who have previously used oral contraceptives are more likely to develop fibrocystic disease of the breast after menopause. (American Journal of Epidemiology 120:87-96, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

FOOD ALLERGY/INFANT COLITIS
Inflammation of the colon in infants is most frequently due to food allergy. Colitis may appear soon after foods other than breast milk are introduced. Cow's milk is the most frequent offender, but soy and beef should be suspect. (Archives of Disease in Childhood 59(4)326-329, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

VITAMIN A/BIRTH DEFECTS
Accutane, a vitamin A derivative, is known to induce birth defects. Common defects include small, absent or malformed ears, cleft palate, heart defects, cortical blindness, abnormalities of the heart and blood vessels and others. Some researchers are now urging that we take a second look at the effects of large doses of vitamin supplements. (Journal of Pediatrics 105(4)583-584, October, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING/BREASTFEEDING
Mothers who smoke while breastfeeding risk exposing their infants to insecticides which are applied to the tobacco plants. (Mayo Clinic Proceedings 59:759-765, November 1984) ED- Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are at twice the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than those of non-smoking mothers. Copyright Phylis Austin

CIRCUMCISION/CERVICAL CANCER
One of the arguments advanced to promote circumcision of males has been the supposed lower rate of cervical cancer in the wives of circumcised men. If this difference does indeed exist (many researchers feel it does not) the lower rate of cancer may be due to factors other than circumcision according to an Israeli study. Drs. A. Schachter and E. Abraham of the Beilinson Medical Center report that the traditional conservative life-style may be responsible for the difference. A study of 30,000 women revealed that in women aged 20 to 29 the cancer rate was approximately the same as that observed in the United States. (Lancet 2:1150, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY/DIAPER RASH OINTMENT
An eight-month-old infant developed precocious puberty (early development of breasts and pubic hair) after her mother used a veterinary salve for diaper rash. Some mothers in rural areas use such products as Phillips Corona Ointment which is used for inflammation of cow's udders. Apparently estrogen was absorbed through the infant's skin. Symptoms disappeared after use of the ointment was discontinued. (Indiana Medicine 77:610, 1984) Most people-including physicians-do not recognize the skin as a very effective portal of entry of chemicals into the bloodstream, and entirely disregard ointments, cosmetics, and deodorants as sources of intoxication. Copyright Phylis Austin

FIBER/APPENDICITIS IN CHILDREN
A study of almost 350 children revealed that as fiber intake increased, the risk of appendicitis decreased. Children whose intake of whole-grain foods was in the upper fiftieth percentile showed a 50 per cent lower risk of appendicitis. (American Journal of Public Health 75:399-400, 1985) In countries of the world where a natural diet is taken without refined grains and sugars, appendicitis is an unknown disease. Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/DIARRHEA IN INFANTS
Infants who developed diarrhea, but were kept on breast milk passed fewer diarrheal stools, required less rehydration fluid, and recovered more quickly than those fed other formulas. The authors of this study done in Burma state that breast feeding has a beneficial effect on acute diarrhea. (British Medical Journal 270:587-589, February 23, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/GASTROINTESTINAL ILLNESS
Infants fed formula are at six times the risk of developing acute gastrointestinal disease than are breast-fed infants according to a new Michigan study. (American Journal of Public Health 75:477-480, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/INFANT DEVELOPMENT
A Hungarian study reveals that breastfed infants demonstrate significant developmental advantages in social and psychomotor development at 12 months of age. The authors feel this advantage is due to many factors including the nutrients present in breast milk, and mother-child interaction. (Acta Paediatrica Hungarica 25(4)409-417, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

OTITIS MEDIA/TYMPANOSTOMY
Tympanostomy, one of the most frequently performed operations in the United States today, is often done in young children suffering from otitis media. We now understand that this procedure may increase the risk of long-term hearing loss. The adverse effects do not appear for years later, making it more difficult to trace the hearing loss to the surgery. About 40 percent of eardrums show areas of atrophy five or more years after tympanoplasty. Seven to ten years after tympanostomy 25 percent of ears were deaf. The authors paint out that otitis media is extremely common in children but by the age of ten years the incidence of this decreases sharply. Over the past ten years the incidence of otitis media has increased dramatically, possibly due to antibiotic resistance. A few years ago adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy were used as treatment for otitis media but have now been shown to be ineffective. Antibiotics are not useful in cases of otitis media associated with fluid accumulation. Decongestants are often given but one study revealed that children suffering respiratory allergies who were given decongestants suffered symptoms longer than children given inactive substances (placebos). Antihistamines may not only induce behavior changes but may thicken secretions in the ear, reducing drainage. Corticosteroids are not beneficial in the treatment of otitis media. (Hospital Practice, May 30, 1985 page 51-61) Copyright Phylis Austin

INFANT FORMULA/ALUMINUM
Infants with poor kidney function given infant formula may develop aluminum toxicity. (The Lancet 2:527-529, September 7, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDBIRTH/PERINEAL MUSCLE FUNCTION
Some obstetricians have felt that episiotomy was helpful to prevent loss of perineal muscle function after childbirth. This study reveals that regular physical exercise is the secret to efficient perineal muscles. Women who exercised after childbirth had better perineal muscle function than those who did not. These researchers report that trauma sustained during childbirth has little effect on the perineal muscle function after one year. They point out that women who have had caesarean sections sometimes show poor muscle function, and they did not sustain injury to the perineum during delivery. Pain after episiotomy is is often more severe than pain after spontaneous laceration. The authors feel that "any form of muscular exercise improves perineal muscle function." (The Lancet 2:124-125, July 20, 1985) We conclude from this study that episiotomy is usually not needed in childbirth, even with the first birth. Copyright Phylis Austin

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS/CROHN'S DISEASE
Several recent studies have suggested a high risk of inflammatory disease in women who use oral contraceptives. One study revealed a twofold greater incidence of Crohn's disease in oral contraceptive users than in nonusers; another study revealed a 40 percent larger incidence in oral contractive users. Risk decreases after oral contraceptives are stopped, disappearing after about four years. The longer the oral contraceptives are used, the greater the risk. (Gastroenterology 89:1046-1049, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

BIRTH DEFECTS/GOLD
Gold, given to women suffering from arthritis, may produce birth defects. It is generally not considered safe to adminster gold during pregnancy. (Australian Pediatric Journal 16:194-195, 1980) Copyright Phylis Austin

VAGINITIS/SEX OF INFANT
Viability of spermatozoa is influenced by the vaginal pH. A New York team of researchers has observed that women who had Trichomonas vaginitis, Bacteroids sp. or nonspecific vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina) at their first prenatal examination were more likely to have female infants than those who did not have vaginitis. Vaginitis often changes the vaginal pH to a less acid level, changing the balance of bacterial flora. Women in this study who later delivered female infants had a significantly less acidic vagina at the time of examination. (Obstetrics and Gynecology 66(2)239-240, August, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS/REYE'S SYNDROME
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritics given long-term aspirin therapy had an incidence of Reye's syndrome 86 times higher than normal, according to a study based on Reyes syndrome incidence in Michigan in 1982 and 1983. (Medical World News, October 14, 1985, p. 34) Copyright Phylis Austin

JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS/MILK ALLLERGY
An association between adult rheumatoid arthritis and milk allergy has previously been reported, but now researchers in Israel have demonstrated that milk allergy may induce juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. They state that commonly used allergy tests are unreliable in the diagnosis of milk allergy and suggest that a strict cows' milk protein-free diet may be beneficial to those with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. (Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 78:410-413, May, 1985) Another study has demonstrated rheumatoid-like lesions in laboratory animals given cows' milk for 12 weeks. (International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 78:145-151, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

CIRCUMCISION
The American Academy of Pediatrics now recommends that circumcision be performed only for medical reasons, and not on the nearly routine basis of the past. (European Urology 11:184-187, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

SUNSHINE/INFANTS
Vitamin D levels are increased in infants exposed to the sun. A 30-minute exposure per week with the infant clothed only in a diaper, or a two-hour exposure per week for a fully clothed (without hat) is felt adequate to maintain satisfactory vitamin D levels. (Journal of Pediatrics 107(3)372-376, September 1985 Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIHISTAMINES/DECONGESTANTS/OTITIS MEDIA
A Canadian study reveals no significant benefit in administering antihistamine-decongestants in the treatment of otitis media in children. Eighty-two children were studied; 38 were given antihistamine-decongestant medications and 44 received placebos. There were no significant differences in symptoms during the course of the treatment, and no differences in the rates of fever, pain, runny nose or cough. Children given the medication appeared more irritable on the third day. (Journal of Family Practice 22(1)39-43, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/NEONATAL JAUNDICE
Breast feeding a minimum of six times per day has been shown to lower bilirubin levels in newborn infants. Feeding is often followed by a bowel movement, which reduces absorption of bilirubin. (Clinical Pediatrics 25(2)112, February, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/INFANT DEVELOPMENT
Breast-fed infants show significantly advanced social and psychomotor skills at the age of 12 months. (Acta Paediatrica Hungarica 25(4)409-417, 1984) Copyright Phylis Austin

STUTTERING IN CHILDREN
Many young children develop a stutter a year or two after they begin to speak. This is often manifested by repetitions of parts of words. Many of these children outgrow the problem by late childhood. The problem may improve or worsen depending on circumstances. Often when a child is developing a new skill such as walking, his speech may worsen because his cognitive and motor resources are occupied with learning these new skills. Anxiety, fatigue, or illness may also induce more speech disfluencies. Authorities suggest that parents not correct the child's speech or show any concern over the problem. Calling the child's attention to the problem often worsens it. If the parents use simpler language with a slower rate of speech the child may follow the example. Never correct the child's speech or in any way call attention to the difficulty he is experiencing. Time spent with the child, even in non-verbal activities, (such as gardening together,) may be quite helpful. The home life should be calm and the child should receive individual attention from each parent for a few minutes every day. The child should know that he is loved and should not have to compete with others for attention. The child should have a regular schedule which avoids excessive fatigue. (Pediatrics in Review 7(6)163-168, December, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS/PREGNANCY OUTCOME
Women who have used oral contraceptives within three months of becoming pregnant are more likely to gain excessive weight during their pregnancy. They are more likely to have postmature infants, and have an increased incidence of neural tube defects. (European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 22:77- 83, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

EPISIOTOMY/PRETERM INFANTS
Many midwifery and obstetrics books recommend the utilization of an episiotomy for delivery of small, preterm infants. Those who advocate this feel that it reduces the risk of intracranial hemorrhage, and decreases compression on the infant's head. A Liverpool, England study to evaluate this theory revealed no benefit from episiotomy. (European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 22:17-21, 1986 Copyright Phylis Austin

NUCLEAR REACTORS/CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA
A study of young people on Dounreay, Scotland, reveals a 10-fold increase in leukemia incidence in those who lived near nuclear reactor plants. (Medical Tribune 26(24)1, August 27, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

DEAFNESS/BIRTH CONTROL PILLS
A 25-year-old female suffered sudden deafness in the left ear after being placed on birth control pills. She had roaring in the ear for three days before the onset of deafness. She had no other medical problems. Five days after the pills were discontinued she reported return of her hearing.
In 1968 and 1971 other cases of sudden hearing loss were related to the contraceptive pill. (Journal of Laryngology and Otology 100:701-706, June 1976) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/BREAST CANCER
Prolonged breast feeding appears to be protective against the later development of breast cancer according to a Washington state study. (American Journal of Epidemiology 124:353-9, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAFFEINE/BIRTH DEFECTS
Caffeine increases the ability of various agents to cause birth defects. A dose as low as 0.1 mg/egg increased teratogenicity in laboratory chickens. (Toxicology Letter 29:65-68, 1985) Copyright Phylis Austin

INFANT CARRYING/CRYING
Carrying an infant during the day leads to less crying during the first three months of life according to a Canadian study. Parents in the study were asked to carry their infant in their arms or in an infant carrier for a minimum of three hours a day. Infants in the carried group fussed and cried less than those not carried (Pediatrics 77(5)641-648, May, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/JAUNDICE
Jaundice and breast feeding have been associated in some studies, but not in others. A study conducted at Salt Lake City suggests that the failure to nurse frequently may contribute to the development of jaundice.
Babies who are breast-fed are often allowed to remain in the hospital nursery overnight without being taken to their mothers. They may be given bottles of formula or water during the night. (Pediatric News 20(7)7,1986) Infants who are born without medication are more alert and vigorous suckers, and if they are at home they can conveniently be fed during the night. Copyright Phylis Austin

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS/CHLAMYDIA INFECTION
Dr. Lawrence Sanders, Jr., of the Centers for Disease Control, reports that women who take oral contraceptives are at increased risk of chlamydia infection. Women who used birth control pills were 1.6 times more likely to develop chlamydia infection than women who did not use contraceptives. (Contraceptive Technology Update June 1986, p. 68-71) Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY/CHILDHOOD CANCER
Cancer risk for children of mothers who smoke during pregnancy may be 50 percent higher than for children of nonsmoking mothers. Risk for Wilms tumor, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute lymphocytic leukemia is approximately double in these children. (The Lancet 1:1350-1352, June 14, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

TACTILE STIMULATION/PREMATURE INFANTS
Premature infants who were given passive limb movements and body stroking for three 15 minute periods per day were shown to gain weight more quickly, were more alert and active, and demonstrated faster motor maturation than those not stimulated. The stimulated infants were able to leave the hospital six days earlier than the average control, non-stimulated infant. (Pediatrics 77:654-658, May, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING/CAFFINE/INFANTILE APNEA
Infants of mothers who smoke and/or use caffeine during pregnancy have increased rates of apnea (cessation of breathing). Smoking after delivery also increases the risk of apnea. (Pediatrics 78(1)159-163, July 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

MILK ALLERGY/INFANTS
A study conducted at the Royal Children's Hospital in Parksville, Victoria, Australia, demonstrates that milk allergy in infants may be difficult to diagnose. Symptoms may be delayed in onset, making it difficult to relate cause and effect. (Journal of Pediatrics 109:270-276, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS/BIRTH DEFECTS
Use of oral contraceptives has been associated with an increased risk of leg or arm defects in infants. Infants with abnormalities were more likely to have been conceived while the mother was taking birth control pills. (American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 155:1072-8, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

MATERNAL SMOKING/ALLERGY IN CHILDREN
Children of mothers who smoke are at fourfold risk of developing allergic disease by the time they are a year-and-a-half old (Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 78:898-904, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

FETAL TOBACCO SYNDROME
Infants born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy are at greater risk of having abnormalities of the face and other congenital defects, according to Dr. Bryan Hall, a Kentucky geneticist. The children had typical symptoms of small mouths, small lower jaws, and short, upturned noses. They are typically small at birth, have delays in psychomotor development, may have heart defects, and about 50 percent are mentally retarded. (Medical World News 19(20)32, October 15-31, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

PASSIVE SMOKING/BIRTH WEIGHT
It has been known for some time that infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had lower birth weights. Now a study reveals that smoking fathers have a very similar effect. In a study of 500 women it has been shown that the average infant birth weight decreased 120g per pack of cigarettes, pipe or cigar equivalent, smoked per day by the father. (The Lancet, August 23, 1986, p. 415-417) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASPIRIN/FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Aspirin produces learning impairments in developing laboratory animals. Pregnant women should avoid the use of any form of aspirin. (Teratology 34(3)451, December 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

BABY WALKERS/INJURIES
The Ontario (Canada) Medical Association has called for a ban on the sale of baby walkers due to the high incidence of injuries associated with their use. A one-year study in one hospital revealed 139 injuries, including 29 broken bones. It has been estimated that in 1980 23,900 baby walker associated injuries occurred in the United States. The authors of this study conclude that baby walkers are a cause of significant injury rates in babies. (Pediatrics 78(3)488-493, September, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

MAKESHIFT PACIFIERS/INFANT DEATHS
Some parents attempt to make pacifiers from baby bottle nipples and cardboard shields. The New York State Department of Health reports that 10 infant deaths occurred from 1975 to 1983 after nipples were accidentally swallowed. They urge that poorly designed and makeshift pacifiers not be used. A well-designed pacifier will have a wide backing which will not permit the pacifier to be swallowed, and ventilation holes. The health department further urges that strings not be used to tie the pacifier around the infant's neck as these strings may cause strangulation. (Pediatric News 20(10)3, November, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

APPENDICITIS IN CHILDREN/DIET
A British study revealed that low water intake is a risk factor for the development of appendicitis in children. (Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 41:316-318, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAFFEINE/FETAL CEREBRAL DEVELOPMENT
Even low daily intake of coffee leads to impaired cerebral development in the fetus of laboratory animals according to a Tokyo study. (Teratology 34(3)448, December, 1986). This suggests that a woman who is pregnant or may become pregnant, should not touch coffee. Copyright Phylis Austin

BABY WALKER/LOCOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Overuse of baby walkers may hinder early locomotor development. Infants who spend two or more hours a day in walkers or bouncers may be slower in learning to sit unsupported and less able to crawl effectively. (Pediatric News 21(4)52, April 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD EPILEPSY
From 70 to 75 percent of children placed on medication for epilepsy who have not had a seizure in two to four years will remain seizure-free if the medication is discontinued. Researchers from Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and Izaak Walton Killam Hospital for Children feel that many children treated for epilepsy have a developmental disorder which they will outgrow even without treatment, and feel that the side-effects and risks of epileptic medications may outweigh the benefits. Other researchers have noted that many patients suffer more from the treatment of epilepsy than from the disease. They point out that even without medication the worst thing that could happen to a child would be to have more seizures, and medication can always be started at a later date. With medication, the patient may also have more seizures, and/or develop behavioral and learning problems.
They feel that the child most likely to outgrow seizures will be one whose seizures began between the ages of one and ten years, with normal or only mildly abnormal EEG, and who has had one to four seizures over a period of many months. (Pediatrics 79(6)865-868, June, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

HOUSE AIRING/SECRETORY OTITIS MEDIA
Opening windows in the home to air out the rooms appears to decrease the incidence of secretory otitis media (ear infection) in young children. Common colds are less common in those who live in well-aired homes. (ORL 49:254-258. 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

X-RAYS/CHILDREN
Dr. Bruce Parker, professor of radiology and pediatrics at the Stanford University Medical School, says that children should not be exposed to even a single x-ray unless the potential for benefit is clearly greater than the risk. He points out that children are more likely to develop cancer after x-ray exposure than are older people. We do not know how much radiation is required to induce cancer, but clearly the less exposure the better, he observes. (Pediatric News 20(12)3, December, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

ELECTRIC BLANKETS/HEATED WATER BEDS/FETAL DEVELOPMENT
An increased rate of spontaneous abortion and slowed fetal growth during winter months led researchers to the conclusion that electric blankets and heated water beds may be responsible. When users were compared to a group of non-users, growth retardation was not observed in non-users. It is not known whether the heat or electromagnetic fields is the responsible factor. (Bioelectromagnetics 7(1)13-22, 1986) Copyright Phylis Austin

OTITIS MEDIA/HYPERACTIVITY
Otitis media is common childhood disease. A Denver, Colorado study reveals an association between recurrent episodes of otitis media and hyperactivity. (Clinical Pediatrics 26(5)253-257, May, 1987) One may conclude that foods implicated in hyperactivity might be involved also in otitis media. Copyright Phylis Austin

DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS (DPT) IMMUNIZATIONS/SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) death rates are greatly increased the three days following DTP immunization. (American Journal of Public Health 77(8)945-951, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

COFFEE CONSUMPTION/LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
Mothers who consume coffee during pregnancy may produce a growth retardation in their fetuses. As caffeine consumption increases so does the risk of growth retardation. (American Journal of Epidemiology 126(5)813-21, 1987) Tea, colas, or caffeine-containing drugs may produce the same effects. Copyright Phylis Austin

HYPERTHERMIA/FETUS
Hyperthermia (high body temperature ) has been shown to be capable of producing birth defects. The defects in the fetus vary with the amount of fever elevation and the stage of the fetus during exposure. Adverse effects include abortion, stillbirth, congenital malformations and embryonic resorption. Mental retardation, spina bifida, changes in muscle tome, and neurogenic arthrogryposis (limb defects) have occurred in association with hyperthermia in humans, while animal studies have demonstrated microcephaly (small eyeballs), and clubfoot. Pregnant women should not be given fever treatment and should avoid hot tubs and sauna baths. (Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, August, 1987,p. 512-513) Copyright Phylis Austin

OTITIS MEDIA (EARACHE)
A fascinating study carried out in Southampton, England revealed that when parents were allowed to share in the decision-making process when their child was being treated for otitis media, the use of antibiotics was far less common. Several recent studies have suggested that most cases will clear up in three or four days without the use of antibiotics, and simple treatment to provide relief from pain was adequate treatment for these patients. In this study involving 20 patients the parents were given a prescription for antibiotics, and told that they could fill the prescription and administer it if they wished to do so. The child was to be brought back to the doctor in 48 hours for follow-up, and if the parents had questions at any time they were permitted to call the physician. It was suggested that if improvement did not occur within 48 hours, the antibiotic be started. Out of the 20 cases 18 (90 percent) cleared without the use of antibiotics. One child continued having symptoms for four days and the physician suggested that the antibiotic be started; in the other case the child was scheduled for tonsillectomy, and parents were anxious to resolve the ear infection prior to surgery.
When the parents were interviewed in regard to their reactions to the program several stated that they thought antibiotics were used too often. Some who had children with previous bouts of otitis media stated that symptoms resolved after only one or two doses of medication, and the parents wondered if the antibiotic had actually been necessary. Most parents seemed very pleased at being invited to participate in the decision-making in regard to their child's treatment. (The Practitioner 231:1232-1233, September 22, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

DPT IMMUNIZATION/BRAIN DAMAGE
The patients of an 8-year-old girl who sustained permanent brain damage after a diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine won an $15 million award against the vaccine manufacturer. Millions of children receive the DPT vaccine every year, and in many states it is required for entrance to public school. The jury felt that evidence was convincing that the company had not been sufficiently cautious in testing the vaccine, nor had the public been adequately warned about the dangers associated with the immunization. There are about 200 similar cases still pending against the manufacturer of the DPT vaccine. (American Medical News, November 6, 1987, p. 34) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST-FEEDING/TOOTH ALIGNMENT
A Johns Hopkins study suggests that long-term breast-feeding may prevent misalignment of the teeth. Sucking on a bottle nipple produces an abnormal tongue thrusting pattern, and poor muscle development. As the length of time children are breast-fed increases, malocclusion of the teeth decreases. Approximately 36.4 percent of infants breast-fed less than three months (or not at all) had abnormalities; 32.1 percent of those breast-fed more than six months showed poor tooth alignment. Breast feeding is cheaper in infancy, and may also lower orthodontic bills later in the child's life. (American Journal of Preventive Medicine 3:227-232, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

FULL SPECTRUM LIGHT/SICKNESS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN
Researchers replaced ordinary classroom lights with full-spectrum lights (sold as Vitalite) in three classrooms in a Vermont school. A survey of illness in children in these three classrooms revealed that they suffered less illness than students in other rooms in the school, and less sickness than students in these rooms had the previous year, with ordinary fluorescent lights.
The teachers liked the full-spectrum light, and considered it more natural. They did not wish to return to the former type of lighting at the end of the study period. (The Lancet 2:1205-1026, November 21, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAFFEINE USE DURING PREGNANCY/LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
Mothers who consume caffeine, whether in the form of coffee, tea, colas or various drugs, run the risk of delivering an infant with low birth weight. A study from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health reveals that caffeine may cause growth retardation. (American Journal of Epidemiology 126(5)813-21, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHLORAMPHENICOL/CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA
Chloramphenical, an antibiotic, has been associated with an increased risk of childhood leukemia. Use of this drug is restricted in the United States as it is known to induce aplastic anemia, but it is in common use in other parts of the world. (The Lancet, October 24, 1987, p. 934-937) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDREN'S SHOES
Purchasing shoes for children is often a difficult task for parents, as salespeople are not properly trained in this area. The debate has raged for years whether sneakers were adequate or would lead to permanent foot damage; low tops versus high tops, stiff sole vs. flexible soles, and so on. A review of the subject, based on recommendations of pediatricians, podiatrists, and orthopedic physicians now provide some guidelines. Children do not need shoes until they begin walking. A ten year study of children who wore sneakers revealed no long-term adverse results; most of the doctors surveyed believed that sneakers were adequate for children with normal feet. However children learning to walk while wearing sneakers slipped more often than those wearing leather shoes. There was no clear preference for high top shoes over low top. If the child continually walks out of his shoes or takes them off, high tops may be helpful. The authors caution that shoes should be tried on both feet before they are purchased. The shoes should be shaped like the child's foot, and not curved in at the toes. Shoes should be long enough to allow one-half inch between the end of the child's big toe and the end of the shoe. If the parent cannot feel this the shoe may be too stiff, and should not be purchased. Shoe soles should be soft enough for the parent to flex the shoe with one hand. (Pediatric Nursing 13(4) 230-232, 271, July-August, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

OTITIS MEDIA/GLUE EAR/CHLORINE
Glue ear (seromucinous otitis media) may be caused by or worsened by chlorine in swimming pools. English researchers reported improvement in ear symptoms in young people on swim teams during the off-season, when their ears were not repeatedly exposed to chlorine. The conjunctivitis which often occurs in swimmers is evidence that chlorine is capable of tissue irritation. The researchers feel that the chlorine-induced irritation may be sufficient to block the eustachian tube. (Journal of Laryngology and Otology 102:55-56, January, 2988) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST-FEEDING/INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Giving young infants cow's milk may be responsible for the later development of inflammatory bowel disease according to a visiting professor of pediatrics at Children's Hospital in Detroit, Michigan. Dr. Aderbal Sabra told the World Congress of Gastroenterology that breast-feeding may decrease the risk of later development of inflammatory bowel disease. (Gastroterology and Endoscopy News 38(3)5, March 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS/CERVICAL CANCER
There has been a marked increase in the incidence of cancer of the cervix in the under-35 age group. There is some suggestion that this increase may be due to changes in the cervix which are associated with the use of birth control pills. (British Medical Journal 295:1446-1447, December 5, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

EARLY BREAST FEEDING/NEONATAL JAUNDICE
Newborn infants often develop jaundice (yellowing of the skin). A study from Govt Lady Goeschen Hospital and Kasturba Medical College in Mangalore, India, reveals that early feeding of infants may result in less jaundice. They discovered that infants begun on breast milk within six hours after birth and not given supplementary food had less yellowing than those fed later after birth. (Indian Pediatrics 24(9)757-758, September, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/THYROID DISEASE
Adolescents who were breast-fed as infants are apparently at decreased risk of developing autoimmune thyroid disease. (Pediatric Research 23(4 Pt. 2)276A, April 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

PASSIVE SMOKE/OTITIS MEDIA
Infants whose parents smoke are at greater risk of developing ear infections and respiratory illness, according to a Louisiana State University School of Medicine study. Almost 20 percent of the children of smoking parents were hospitalized for lower respiratory tract problems during the study, while only 4.9 percent of children of non-smoking parents required hospitalization. (Pediatric Research 23(4 Pt 2)288A, April 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST-FED INFANTS/GROWTH CHARTS
A group of researchers at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, are calling for growth and development charts specifically for breast-fed infants. They point out that the growth pattern of breast-fed infants is different than those fed artificially, and the charts were compiled during an era when most infants were bottle fed. These charts may suggest a health problem when none exists because of the difference in growth patterns. (Pediatric Nursing 14(2)117-124, April, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

RECTAL BLEEDING IN BREAST-FED INFANT
A 21-day-old totally breast-fed infant developed rectal bleeding, colic, and eczema of the face. When the researchers suggested that the baby's mother eliminate all dairy products from her diet the infant's rectal bleeding and skin problems promptly resolved. (Acta Paediatrica Scandanivaca 77:163-164, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

BIRTH TRAUMA/GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY
A study from Belgium suggests that children who suffer birth trauma or who are delivered after induced labor may suffer injury to the pituitary gland which is sufficient to produce later growth hormone deficiency. In 1972 a study suggested that infants who presented in the breech position (hips rather than head first) had higher incidences of growth hormone deficiency. This study suggests that even mild trauma at the time of birth may cause injury to the pituitary gland. (European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine 26:329-334, 1987) Copyright Phylis Austin

TAP WATER/MISCARRIAGES/BIRTH DEFECTS
According to the California Department of Health Services, women in San Francisco and Silicon Valley who drink bottled water have lower miscarriage rates and decreased incidence of birth defects than those who consume tap water. Four studies of over 5,000 women revealed higher than expected miscarriage and birth defect rates in women in this area. Solvents in the ground water may be responsible. (Internal Medicine News 3(12)3, June 15-30, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST-FEEDING/DIABETES MELLITUS
Breast-feeding children for long periods may protect them from the later development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Several previous studies have suggested this possibility, although the mechanism is not understood. Some researchers feel that diabetes may be due to an infectious agent, and breast milk is known to contain anti-infective properties. (Diabetes 37:2625-1632, December 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

DPT VACCINE/INFECTIONS
A study of 82 infants followed for a month before and another month after DPT (diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus) vaccination demonstrated increased rates of fever, diarrhea and cough during the 30 days after the immunization, when compared to the 30 days prior to vaccination. It is not known whether these changes are from immune system changes or vaccination reaction. (Clinical Pediatrics 27(10) 491-494, October, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

INFANT FEEDING/CHILDHOOD CANCER
Children who are breast-fed for six months or more are less likely to develop childhood cancer. A study of 201 children in Denver, Colorado, showed an increased rate of lymphoma in children fed artificially. Previous studies have shown no relationship between breast-feeding and childhood cancers, but this carefully done study divided the children into three groups: those breast-fed less than six months, those breast-fed longer than six months, and those who received no breast milk at all. The children breast-fed less than six months and those who had no breast milk had higher cancer rates than those breast-fed six months or longer. (The Lancet 2:365-368, August 13, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

GROMMETS ("TUBES")/OTITIS MEDIA (EARACHE)
A 15-year study reveals no benefit from the insertion of grommets in the treatment of otitis media. In some cases, grommet insertion was actually shown to be detrimental. A group of children aged 4 to 10 years of age underwent insertion of a grommet in one ear. Examination 15 years later revealed tympanic membrane abnormalities in 70 percent of the grommet ears, while over half of the ears not operated on were normal. There was no significant differences in hearing in the two groups. (Clinical Otolaryngology 13:341-346, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

FAILURE TO THRIVE/COLIC/BREAST FEEDING
Breast-feeding mothers have traditionally been instructed to switch their baby from one breast to the other after about ten minutes of nursing. This may lead to malnutrition if the baby's stomach is filled with the low-fat foremilk from both breasts, leaving no room for the aftermilk, which is higher in fat. This low-fat milk leaves the stomach quickly and may allow high levels of milk sugars to enter the small intestine, where they may ferment to produce gas, bloating and diarrhea, symptoms of colic. These researchers suggest that infants should be permitted to empty one breast entirely before being placed on the other breast. If the child is satisfied with only one breast he will receive adequate nourishment, and may be placed on the other breast at the next feeding. The mother's milk supply will adjust to the baby's demand. One 15-month-old infant who had gained only two ounces in three weeks and suffered explosive diarrhea, cried constantly, and slept poorly, showed marked improvement in symptoms within two days after being placed on the one-breast program. (The Lancet 2:382- 384, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD DIARRHEA/FRUIT JUICE
Parents who urge their children to use excessive amounts of fruit juices may induce chronic diarrhea, which may even retard growth. Up to 15 percent of children suffer episodes of chronic non- specific diarrhea, whose cause has not been understood.
Apple juice may contain as much sugar as a soft drink. Sorbitol, a sugar in juice, is known to produce diarrhea and stomach cramps if taken in large amounts. Dr. Robert Essenman, chief of pediatric gastroenterology at the Hamilton, Ontario McMaster University Medical Center, instructs parents to limit milk intake to no more than 24 ounces a day, and fruit juice to 6 to 8 ounces. Water may be taken freely. (Medical Tribune 29(19)12, July 14, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS
Children who are breast fed are less likely to develop insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus later in life according to a Colorado study. (Diabetes 37(12)1625-1632, December, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

FETAL HEART ARRHYTHMIAS/MOTHER'S CAFFEINE USE
Pregnant women who use excessive amounts of caffeine may produce heart rate abnormalities in their unborn babies. An infant born to a woman who consumed caffeine during labor contained caffeine and the heart had an irregular heart rhythm. (British Medical Journal, March 4, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

FETAL MONITORING/CAESAREAN SECTIONS
Mothers who are monitored by electronic fetal monitoring equipment during labor are more likely to undergo cesarean section than are those who do not have the monitoring. Electronic fetal monitoring was carried out on about 47.7 percent of all live births occurring in the United States in 1980. Several studies have shown no benefit from electronic fetal monitoring in either low-risk or high-risk pregnancies, and this study suggests an adverse effect from this procedure. The authors conclude from their study that monitoring has played a significant role in the increase in cesarean sections seen in recent years. (American Journal of Public Health 78:1170-1174, September 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

CIRCUMCISION
Despite widely disseminated news reports, the American Academy of Pediatrics has not reversed their position regarding circumcision. Some recent studies have suggested that circumcised males have lower incidences of urinary tract infection than non-circumcised, and these studies were reviewed at recent conference. The studies were felt to have methodological flaws.
The New York Times carried an article stating that pediatricians had found benefit in the use of circumcision, and stated in a subhead that the American Academy of Pediatrics had reversed its earlier decision regarding the lack of necessity of circumcision. What the Academy actually said was that circumcision has "potential medical benefits and advantages," but they also point out that there are "inherent disadvantages and risks."
Some have claimed that circumcision would help protect from AIDS, but thousands of circumcised males in Miami, New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles have acquired AIDS. These males were born during an era when 60-90 percent of all males were circumcised at birth.
Dr. James Snyder, past president of the Virginia Urologic Society, observed that more than 95 percent of male children never develop urinary tract infections, regardless of whether or not their foreskins are intact. Other studies have revealed no increased risk of urinary tract infection in uncircumcised males.
One Jewish Seattle pediatrician asked his rabbi to find an alternate ceremony to replace the ritual circumcision for his son.
Some have claimed that circumcision prevents penile cancer, but this is relatively rare in the United States.
It is estimated that 58 percent of American males are currently circumcised at birth. (Medical Tribune 30(16)3, 16, June 8, 1989) A recent study of circumcision by the Canadian Paediatric Society supported their current position that circumcision is not medically necessary. (Canadian Medical Association Journal 139:1075, December, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

DAY CARE CENTERS/ILLNESS IN CHILDREN
Children who are placed in day care centers are more likely to develop infectious diseases than those who are kept at home. The larger the day care center, the more likely the child was to catch infectious diseases. (Pediatric Research 25(4 Pt. 2)105A, April, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

PRESCHOOLERS' VERBAL SKILLS
Parents who take the time to ask their preschoolers to verbalize in response to questions about a story they are reading together may improve the child's verbal skills, according to a study from State University of New York at Stony Brook.
Parents in the study group were asked to stop reading from time to time to ask their two to three-year-old child questions regarding the story. They were to avoid questions that could be answered with a simple yes or no, but to ask open-ended questions such as "What is the character doing?" The child's answer was to be praised and enlarged on by the parent.
After one month, verbal development of the children in the study group was more than six months ahead of those who were merely read to. (Parent's Magazine, February, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD SUNBURNS/SKIN CANCERS
Severe sunburns before the age of 20 are more likely to lead to the later development of skin cancer than are sunburns after the age of 30. Parents should be careful to guard their children from sunburn. (Pediatrics 84:199, August, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHAMOMILE/BURNS/DIAPER RASH
Cooled chamomile tea or chamomile flowers added to bath water may be soothing for the inflammation of diaper rash or burns. Chamomile has been found to contain alpha-bisabolols, which contain anti-inflammatory qualities. (Medical Self Care (52)15, September- October, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD DEPRESSION
Elizabeth C. Hamill, Director of the Northern California Homeschool Association in Berkeley, California, writes that there may be an association between childhood depression and compulsory school attendance. She has worked with a number of parents who report that their child developed depression, school phobia, low self- esteem and social withdrawal after starting school. Many of these children are not developmentally ready for school, despite their chronological age. The parents who took their children out of school and began instructing them at home report that their children showed improvement, and became "cheerful, enthusiastic learners." (Science News 136(13)195, 203, September 23, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

CALCIUM INTAKE/FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Laboratory mice given high calcium diets before becoming pregnant produced offspring with lower birth weights and increased rates of skeletal abnormalities than did a control group of mice given a normal diet. This suggests that the practice of encouraging pregnant women to take a high calcium diet or calcium supplements may not be best. The researchers suggest that "calcium should be considered an experimental drug until definite studies conclusively show efficacy and demonstrate safety." (Journal of Canadian Dental Association 55(2)129-133, February, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

PASSIVE SMOKING/LOW BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS
Infants of mothers who are exposed to the cigarette smoke of other people are at increased risk of having low birth weight. (The Lancet 2:54-55, July 1, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAFFEINE USE IN MALE/FETAL EFFECTS
The offspring of rats exposed to caffeine prior to mating showed growth retardation and increased mortality rats, even into the second generation of rats. Examination of the testes of caffeine- exposed rats revealed marked degeneration. (Journal of Developmental Physiology 10:271-281, 1988) Copyright Phylis Austin

TELEVISION/CHILDREN'S MENTAL HEALTH
The adverse effects of television on a child's mental health and social development were pointed out in a study done at Yale University. While working with troubled children the researchers observed that many children suffering from nightmares were frightened of reports they had seen on news programs, detective stories, and especially in cartoons. Young children are unable to separate reality from fiction, and are disturbed that the same things might happen to them or members of their family.
Many children in the United States watch television for five or six hours a day. That is more time than they spend in any single activity other than sleep. Obviously television viewing has a pronounced effect on their development. Children who watch a lot of television are more aggressive than non-viewers, and show decreased reading ability, lower levels of imagination, short attention spans, and higher levels of restlessness, and even hyperactivity.
Children who begin watching television at a young age may not want to learn to read, and may prefer television watching to reading, as it requires less effort on their part. (Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 10(5)259-261, October 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS/EPISIOTOMY
Obstetric textbooks have routinely advocated the use of episiotomy in the delivery of low birth weight infants, claiming that it reduces the risk of brain damage. A recent study showed no differences in low birth weight infants born with the use of episiotomy and those born without the use of an episiotomy. Mothers often suffer significant discomfort from episiotomy, and may have permanent sequelae. (International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 31:135-140, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

BABY INTELLIGENCE TESTS
Parents eager to create "super babies" may have a baby intelligence test done on their child. A recent study which followed a group of children who had been tested as infants revealed that this test is inaccurate. (Clinical Pediatrics 28(5)205-209, May 1989) Parents should not attempt to hurry their child into maturity. These attempts are generally unsuccessful, and often produce anxiety in the child, which often persists into adulthood. Copyright Phylis Austin

FAT IN BREAST MILK/NEONATAL JAUNDICE
Infants of mothers with a high breast milk fat content are more likely to suffer neonatal jaundice. It is felt that this fat hinders the ability of the infant's body to eliminate the cause of jaundice, bilirubin. (Acta Paediatrica Jpn 30:492-496, 1988; Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 74:805-806, 1985) Mothers should eliminate free fats (margarine, mayonnaise, fried foods, cooking fats, salad oils, animal fats, and excessive amounts of nut butters, milk, eggs, and cheese) before the baby is born in an attempt to improve the baby's liver function so that bilirubin can be broken down faster. Copyright Phylis Austin

NEONATAL JAUNDICE
Pediatricians watch newborns very carefully for high levels of bilirubin which may produce jaundice (yellowing of the skin). If this condition appears it is often treated with great vigor. Breastfeeding may be stopped, the child may be kept in the hospital, or may be given light treatment. All of these procedures have adverse effects, and separate the mother from the infant, which may reduce bonding. Now some researchers feel that physicians overreact to this problem. An article in Pediatrics points out that earlier studies which suggested that the child might suffer permanent brain damage from high levels of bilirubin were unable to determine that these children would have been normal had they not had high bilirubin levels. Perhaps their neurological damage caused high bilirubin levels, rather than being caused by them. The adverse effects of treating what may be a harmless physiological condition may far outweigh any possible benefit. (Pediatrics 83(6)1062-1065, June 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

COW'S MILK/DIABETIC CHILDREN
Cow's milk proteins have been shown to have an adverse effect on beta cells in laboratory animals. These changes may contribute to the development of diabetes mellitus. A large study of diabetic children revealed that IgA antibodies to cow's milk were higher in diabetic children than in non-diabetics. (Diabetes 39(Suppl 1)246A, May 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

FEVER CONTROL IN CHILDREN
Parents who suffer great anxiety when their child develops a fever should remember that a fever is part of the body's defense mechanism, and not be overly anxious to reduce the fever. Medications given to lower fever may interfere with the natural immune mechanism. A study from the East Tennessee State University in Johnson City, Tennessee, suggests that children's fevers be treated with rest, fluids, and warmth, rather than medications. Those medications may also mask symptoms of more serious illness that call for medical evaluation. (Maternal Child Nursing 15:82- 85, March-April 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS/FATHER'S OCCUPATION
Children whose fathers were employed in fields that exposed them to low frequency electromagnetic fields (electronics and electrical fields) are at greater risk of developing a tumor of the nervous system. (International Journal of Epidemiology 18:756-762, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

OTITIS MEDIA/DECONGESTANTS/ANTIHISTAMINES
Otitis media (ear infection) is routinely treated with antihistamines and decongestants. There have been no studies demonstrating the effectiveness of these medications. (Pediatric Nursing 16(3)266-267, May-June 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

FEBRILE SEIZURES IN CHILDREN/MATERNAL SMOKING/ALCOHOL USE
Mothers who use alcohol or smoke during their pregnancy or after the birth of their child, may be increasing their child's risk of suffering febrile seizures (seizures which develop during a fever). Febrile seizures are most common between six months and five years of age, with the greatest incidence from six months to three years of age. It has been estimated that from two to five percent of children suffer at least one seizure before they reach the age of five years.
A study from the Department of Epidemiology at the School of Public Health and Community Medicine, at the University of Washington in Seattle, reveals that the use of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy and cigarette smoking both increased the risk of febrile seizures. (American Journal of Epidemiology 132:462-473, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN CHILDREN
A study from Columbia University in New York revealed that children as young as six years of age may demonstrate risk factors for heart disease due to their lack of exercise and improper diet. Several recent studies have pointed out that American children are fatter and less fit than previous generations, and some researchers are concerned that this is the groundwork for an epidemic of adult heart disease. High blood pressure in children has been associated with overweight. As weight increases fitness decreases and blood pressure increases. (Journal of the American Medical Association 264(9)1123-1127, September 5, 1990)
Parents should encourage their children in regular out-of-doors exercise by setting the proper example, and should use the care in the selection of their child's diet as they should theirs. Proper guidance in childhood can instill lifelong good health habits. Copyright Phylis Austin

COSLEEPING/SLEEP PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN
Frequent cosleeping (children sleeping with parents) is a common cause of sleep problems in children according to a study from the Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Children who customarily slept with their parents were more likely to have trouble falling asleep and awakened more often during the night. They were ten times less likely to want to sleep by themselves, resisted going to bed with greater vigor, and were often overly tired. These problems resolved once the child was placed in his own bed. (Pediatrics 86(2)197-203, August 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/CIGUATERA POISONING
A four-month-old breast-fed infant developed diarrhea, colic symptoms and a rash after his mother ate fish which was ciguatera affected. The mother and other adults who ate the fish developed diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain, numbness and tingling, and changes in temperature discrimination. Some developed dizziness, itching, weakness, and joint and muscle pain. It was felt that the toxins were passed to the infant through the breast milk. (Journal of the American Medical Association 264(16)2074, October 24/31, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME/TEMPERATURE/SLEEPING POSITION
The cause of sudden infant death is still not clear. A study from the Department of Child Health, in Bristol, England, reveals that overheating and placing the infant in a face down position to sleep may be contributing factors. Infants in the study who suffered sudden infant death were more likely have been placed face down to sleep, to have been heavily wrapped and to have had the room heating on all night. (British Medical Journal 301:85-89, July 14, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

DIET/DIABETES IN CHILDREN
Children who use diets high in protein, carbohydrates and nitrosamine-containing foods are apparently at increased risk of developing Type I (insulin-dependent) childhood diabetes. Foods which commonly contain nitrosamines include smoked fish, bacon, and sausage. (Pediatric News 24(9)25, September 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

MATERNAL SMOKING/CHILDHOOD ASTHMA
Children whose mothers smoke are more likely to develop asthma than those children whose mothers do not smoke. Passive smoke exposure doubles the risk of childhood asthma. (Pediatrics 85:505, April 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

FLEA PESTICIDES/CHILDREN
Treating the house and yard for fleas may be toxic to both children and adults in the area being treated. Dr. Lynn Goldman, chief of environmental epidemiology and toxicology branch at the California Department of Health Services reports that flea bombs leave residues on carpets, and children crawling about on the carpets and putting things into their mouths may absorb these toxins. She suggests that if flea bombs are necessary children should be kept out of the house until it is thoroughly aired, at least the amount of time recommended by the manufacturer. (Pediatric News 24(11) November 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

DENTAL FILLINGS/FETUS
A new study from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden reveals that dental fillings in pregnant women may allow mercury to pass through the fetal placenta, and collect in the infant brain. (Your Health 29(25)23, December 4, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

OBSTETRIC MEDICATION/ADDICTION IN CHILDREN
At least one earlier study has suggested that certain medications given to the mother during labor and delivery may cross the placental barrier and enter the child's system. This medication may make the child more likely to develop an addiction later on in life. A new study from Sweden supports this concept. A study comparing siblings whose mothers received certain types of drugs during labor revealed that these drug-affected children are more likely to later develop a drug addiction. Opiates, barbiturates, and nitrous oxide were particularly likely to have been used in the birth of children who later became addicted. (British Medical Journal 301:1067-70, November 10, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT/BREAKFAST
Many young children who suffer from nervousness, fatigue, and poor school performance are hauled into doctors offices to determine the cause. A recent report suggests that the first thing the physician should evaluate is whether or not the child eats breakfast. Dr. Lynn McIntyre, assistant professor of community health and epidemiology at Dalhousie University of Halifax, points out that children are far less able to tolerate long periods without food because of their higher metabolic rates. Several studies have shown that children who do not eat breakfast perform less well on tests than those who eat breakfasts. Physical abilities are also impacted by the lack of nutrition, and the child is often tired, apathetic, and irritable. Other recent studies suggest that people who skip breakfast may suffer long-term adverse effects on their glucose tolerance and cholesterol levels. (Canadian Medical Association Journal 143(3)210-213, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/DELIVERY ROOM
Delivery room routines may have a marked influence on the success of the first breast-feeding session according to a study from Sweden. One group of infants in the study group were treated in the routine manner, being taken from their mothers about 20 minutes after birth for weighing, measuring, and other nursing functions. The other group of infants were allowed to lie naked on their mother's abdomen for an hour after birth. Infants in the uninterrupted contact group began searching for the mother's breast about 20 minutes after birth, and most of them nursed for the first time about 50 minutes after birth. This group of infants had a higher percentage of infants who had the correct sucking technique, decreasing later breast feeding problems.
The authors of the study also noted that pethidine hydrochloride had an adverse effect on the infant's ability to nurse. They caution that drugs used during labor be carefully evaluated. (The Lancet 336:1105-1107, November 3, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

PRENATAL X-RAY EXPOSURE/CHILDHOOD CANCER
A study from Stockholm, Sweden, suggests that children who are exposed to x-rays before birth are more likely to develop childhood cancer than are those who are exposed to the same amount of radiation after birth. (International Journal of Cancer 46:362-365, 1990) The risks of diagnostic tests during pregnancy should be carefully considered. Copyright Phylis Austin

DIABETIC CONTROL/INFANT ABNORMALITIES
Infants of mothers whose diabetes mellitus was poorly controlled prior to becoming pregnant are at increased risk of spontaneous abortions or congenital defects. Diabetic women should carefully control their blood sugar levels prior to becoming pregnant. (American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 164(1 Pt 2)281, January, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

PRENATAL CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE/CHILDHOOD CANCER
Children whose mothers smoke during the pregnancy are at increased risk of later development of childhood cancer according to a recent study. If the child's father (but not mother) smoked the child was at increased risk of brain cancer. (American Journal of Epidemiology 133(2)123-132, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREASTFEEDING IN FIRST DAY OF LIFE
Frequent breastfeeding during the first day of life has been shown to have a number of benefits for the child, including more frequent meconium passage, less loss of weight, greater intake of breast milk in successive days, and lower levels of jaundice. (Pediatrics 86(2)171-175, August 1990) Home births, which allow mother and infant to remain together, makes frequent breastfeeding easier. Copyright Phylis Austin

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION/ASTHMA/ OTITIS MEDIA
Indoor air pollution increases the risk that children will develop both asthma and otitis media (ear ache). (Laryngoscope 101:293- 296, March 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

MATERNAL STRESS/FETAL GENITAL SYSTEM
The male offspring of rats exposed to stress during pregnancy were observed to have abnormalities of the genital system. The stress was felt to suppress the gonadal secretions, which interfered with sexual differentiation. (Physiology and Behavior 20: 193-195, 1978) Copyright Phylis Austin

POSITION IN CHILDBIRTH
Many studies have shown that hospital labor and delivery routines are not in the best interest of mother or infant, but for the convenience of the staff. Pregnant women should look for a health care provider who will accommodate their wishes for delivery. A review of the advantages of giving birth in the upright position include (1) a more favorable angle of the pelvic bones (2) the mother has better control of her abdominal muscles (3) gravity aids in delivery (4) oxygen and blood flow to the uterine muscles is increased (5) contractions are shorter and stronger, leading to shorter labors (6) labor is less painful, and (7) the risk of perineal tear is decreased (8) The mother is comfortable and familiar with the muscular coordination in this position from a lifetime of bowel movements. (Mothering, Fall, 1986, p. 59-63) Copyright Phylis Austin

INFANT FORMULA/MODIFIED FOOD STARCH
A study from Ross Laboratories suggests that octenylsuccinate starch, a common food additive, should not be used in infant formulas because of the possibility of interference with nutrient absorption and weight gain. (Pediatric Research 29(4 Pt 2)107A, April 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY/SLOWER INFANTS
Infants born to smoking mothers have been shown to have slower mental development than infants born to non-smoking mothers. A three year follow-up of children revealed that those born to smoking mothers were about half an inch shorter, had a five point lower IQ rating, and had more language problems than children born to non-smoking parents. (International Journal of Epidemiology 19(1)66-77, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

INSECT STING ALLERGY IN CHILDREN
A study sponsored by a grant from the National Institutes of Health suggests that venom immunotherapy is not required for most children who are allergic to insect stings, but whose symptoms are limited to skin symptoms. (New England Journal of Medicine 323:1601-3, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

EARACHE (OTITIS MEDIA)/ADENOIDECTOMY
A survey of the effectiveness of adenoid removal in the treatment of ear infections suggests that most patients recover without removal of their adenoids, and even chronic cases are not benefitted by adenoid removal. (Annals of Otology, Rhinolaryngology and Laryngology 100:226-230, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

SLEEP PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN
Night waking is a frequent occurrence in infants and young children, and may cause the parents to lose considerable sleep. A recent study from the Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics at Boston University School of Medicine indicates that children whose parents do not remain at the bedside while the child goes to sleep, or spend a lot of time with the child when he wakes at night learn more quickly to go back to sleep on their own. The researchers suggest that infants be put to bed before they are entirely asleep, training them to go on to sleep without their parents. (Pediatrics 87(4)500-504, April 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

EXERCISE/BREAST FEEDING
Many breast feeding mothers want to participate in physical exercise, but fear that it will interfere with milk production. Exercise provides many benefits during this phase of life, including loss of pregnancy-associated weight gain, higher energy levels, and reduced stress, and may help reduce the risk of postpartum depression. A review of the effects of exercise during breastfeeding indicates that women who resume exercise gradually, and provide proper support for their breasts to prevent tenderness may safely resume moderate physical exercise. (The Physician and Sports Medicine 19(4)109-116, April 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

HANDS AND KNEES POSITION/ROTATION OF FETUS
Women whose infants are in breech position (infants positioned so that the hips rather than the head are born first) may change the position of their infants so they will be born head first by assuming a hands and knees position. Two women in this small study group (four women) had a rotation in the position of their infant while in the hands and knees position during the second stage of labor. Other women in the group who did not utilize this position, but went through most of their labor in the recumbent position had prolonged labor, increased pain, and had operative delivery. The women whose infants rotated had short second stages of labor, and no complications during the delivery. The authors observe that infants which are going to rotate during this maneuver will do so during the first hour after the mother assumes the position, although some infants have rotated only halfway by the conclusion of the first hour, and the mother must maintain the position longer to allow the infant to complete the full rotation. Some women find the hands and knees position so comfortable for labor that they prefer it.
While the researchers point out that this is a small study group and further studies need to be carried out, it warrants our consideration. (Birth 18(1)40-47, March 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

PASSIVE SMOKE EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY/CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT
Infants who are exposed to passive smoke while in the womb develop more slowly than those not exposed to smoke. Pregnant women should avoid exposure to other people's cigarette smoke. (Neurotoxicology and Toxicology 13(1):5-12, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

LIMB ABNORMALITIES/CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING
A recent report suggests that chorionic villus sampling, a test often done on pregnant women to evaluate fetal development, may cause limb abnormalities. (The Lancet 337:762-763, March 30, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

RADIATION DURING PREGNANCY/LEUKEMIA IN CHILDHOOD
A recent review of causes of childhood cancer reports that about five percent of all cases are attributed to radiation exposure during the pregnancy. Some cases are due to chemotherapy. Other causes are not known. Half of all cases of childhood leukemia die during the first five years after onset of the disease. (Archives of Disease in Childhood 66:179-80, 1991) Pregnant women should evaluate very carefully any radiologic procedure recommended during pregnancy--or even if she is likely to become pregnant. Copyright Phylis Austin

WARM WATER BATH/LABOR AND CHILDBIRTH
Many birth institutions are now beginning to provide facilities for warm water immersion for women during labor and birth. This practice is much more common in European hospitals.
Dr. Michael Odent of France has done the preliminary research on this method of pain relief during labor and delivery.
In his book, Birth Reborn, Dr. Odent comments that "the history of obstetrics is largely the history of the exclusion of mothers from their central role in the birth process." Odent feels that birth is a natural process, not an illness and proposes that health care providers serve merely as an assistant in the birth process, and not attempt to carry out the process for the woman.
Some studies have suggested that immersion in warm water may be helpful for pregnant women suffering from toxemia of pregnancy. Women laboring in tubs of warm water are in an upright position which increases the ability of the uterus to perform its work, and decreases pain. Lying down during labor increases the need for pain medication and often slows labor, and often leads to the use of oxytocin to stimulate labor.
The Birth Center reports no infections or aspiration pneumonia in babies delivered in the tubs. Infants removed from the water too quickly may sever the cord, leading to blood loss. If any bleeding is noted the assistants at the Birth Center clamp the cord immediately. (The Female Patient 16:35-47, August 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

CIGARETTE ADVERTISING/CHILDREN SMOKING
The famous "Old Joe Camel" cartoon is more effective at selling cigarettes to children than to adults, according to a recent study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. This study lends support to the theory that cigarette companies are actively (but subtly) trying to entice children to begin smoking. A survey of children revealed that even six year old children recognize the Camel cartoon and can readily associate it with Camel cigarettes. (Journal of the American Medical Association 266(22)3149-3153, December 11, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

INFANT FORMULA/NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS
Two ingredients, sugar and casein, often found in infant formulas, may lead to necrotizing enterocolitis, an inflammation of the colon and small intestine. This disease is sometimes fatal, and may affect as many as 8,000 United States infants every year. It is the second leading cause of death in premature infants.
The undigested sugar ferments in the infant's intestine, and produces inflammation which may damage the intestinal lining. If the inflammation is severe enough the intestine may actually rupture.
Symptoms of necrotizing enterocolitis include bloody diarrhea, distention of the abdomen, low body temperature, fatigue, and appetite loss.
David A. Clark, M.D., from Louisiana State University Medical Center who reported his findings at the American Academy of Pediatrics meeting, says that hospitals will probably continue giving the formula to premature infants because there is no satisfactory alternative. (Medical Tribune 32(23)6, November 14, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

WATER INTOXICATION/INFANTS
Mothers who do not have money to buy infant formula may dilute the formula they have with water in an attempt to make it last longer. These infants may develop water intoxication, which may be life- threatening. Hungry infants may consume a lot of water in an attempt to satisfy their hunger. Symptoms of water intoxication include seizures or cessation of breathing, low body temperature even in very hot weather, and respiratory failure. (American Journal of Diseases of Children 145:986-990, September 1991) Another good reason to breastfeed your infant! Copyright Phylis Austin

PESTICIDES/INFANTS
During the "flea season" many people resort to commercial pesticides to control fleas in their homes. Pesticide instructions indicate that it is safe to reenter the treated house after two hours, but a study done at Rutgers University indicates that pesticide levels close to the floor, where infants or young children crawl or walk are significantly higher than on the adult level. Pesticide residuals remained even 24 hours post application. The pesticides may be absorbed by inhaling the pesticide or by skin absorption. Ventilated rooms cleared more rapidly than closed rooms. (American Journal of Public Health 80:689-693, June, 1990) We feel that only non-toxic approaches should be used in any home where there are infants or young children. Copyright Phylis Austin

OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN
Obesity is a growing problem in the pediatric population. A study from the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine revealed that family-based treatment produced long-term benefits in weight reduction of children. Children in a group who were taught new eating and exercise patterns, and behavioral skills were lighter in weight than a control group after ten years of follow-up. The treatment program involved a low-fat diet and a regular exercise program. (Journal of the American Medical Association 264(19)2519-2523, November 21, 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

NEONATAL JAUNDICE
Infants who are treated for neonatal jaundice may be perceived by their mothers as having more severe health problems than children who do not require treatment. A study done by the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Washington in Seattle and Yale University revealed that the mothers of infants treated for jaundice were less likely to feel comfortable leaving their infant in the care of others, were more likely to discontinue breast feeding and to manifest feeding problems. Mothers of the comparison group reported similar health problems in their infants, but viewed them as less serious. The researchers suggest that the risks of developing what they term "the vulnerable child syndrome" be weighed against the benefit of treating neonatal jaundice. (American Journal of Diseases of Children 144:238-241, February 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE/BABY FOODS
Many manufacturers of commercial baby foods add glutamate to their foods. A study of laboratory animals revealed that newborn mice given monosodium glutamate developed necrosis (death) of some parts of the brain. As these animals matured the adults showed increased levels of female sterility, obesity, and retarded skeletal development. There were also abnormalities of the endocrine system. (Science 164:719-721, 1969) Mothers may make their own baby food by merely blending food they have cooked. The food may be frozen in an ice cube tray, and when solid removed from the tray, placed in individual plastic bags, and kept in the freezer. Individual cubes may be removed and thawed as needed. Do not make a large batch to store in the freezer longer than three to four months, as the food gradually loses nutrients. Copyright Phylis Austin

NIGHT WAKING INFANTS
Up until about six months of age infants often awaken during the night. Some children seem to train themselves to wake up in order to received parental attention. Because sleep problems can be major stresses for parents they may seek help from their pediatrician.
A recent study indicates that if the parent is in the child's presence when the child goes to sleep he is twice as likely to wake up during the night as a child who is left to go to sleep on his own. (Pediatrics 87(4)500-504, April 1991) Some authorities on sleep problems in children say that children must learn to put themselves to sleep just as they learn to crawl, walk, feed themselves and tie their shoes. They suggest that the infant be placed in his bed while drowsy, but not completely asleep. Copyright Phylis Austin

MEDICAL PROCEDURES DURING BIRTH
A study from the College of Nursing at the University of New Mexico suggests that as the available medical technology increases so does its utilization during childbirth in low-risk women. Women giving birth in centers without excessive technology equipment were not subjected to these procedures, but demonstrated equally good outcomes. (Journal of Nurse-Midwifery 36(6)327-333, November- December 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

LABOR PAIN DURING CHILDBIRTH
Women who labor in the upright position (sitting or standing) have less front and back pain than those who labor in the horizontal (lying down) position. (Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 6:476-480, November 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

FETAL SCALP SAMPLING
Fetal scalp sampling is sometimes carried out in an attempt to evaluate the well-being of an infant during delivery. A study from Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami, Florida, indicates that physicians may obtain the same information utilizing other methods which involve less risk to the infant.
Monitoring the fetal heart rate provided as much information as scalp sampling in most patients, although the researchers feel that sampling is called for in a few cases.
Complications from scalp sampling include transmission of such infections as HIV, herpes, and streptococcus, abscess formation and excessive bleeding. Furthermore, accidents are common during the procedure and amniotic fluid contamination and abnormalities of the maternal pH may lead to inaccurate results. (Obstetrics and Gynecology News 27(1)1, 21, January 1, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD MIGRAINE/TINTED GLASSES
The use of rose-tinted glasses reduced the incidence of migraine attacks in a group of children. Blue tinted glasses were also used in the study, but were not as effective as the rose tint. (Headache 31:533-536, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

STRESS/CHILDHOOD DIABETES
Children in the 5-9 year old group who are exposed to severe stress are at increased risk of developing childhood type I (Insulin- dependent) diabetes mellitus. (Diabetiologica 34:579-583, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

SPEECH DEVELOPMENT
Variations in the development of speech often cause parents great anxiety. Some children develop speech later than their peers. Two to four-year-old children typically use three word sentences, and may know as many as 350 words. Thirty-eight children who were speaking none to ten words at two years of age showed normal speech development by four years of age. (Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 33:868-874, 1991). Copyright Phylis Austin

HURRIED CHILDREN
Excessively heavy activity schedules may decrease children's creative abilities, according to Dr. Richard Oberfield, associate clinical professor of Psychiatry at New York University's Medical Center in New York. Parents may plan activities which appeal to them, but bore their children. Dr. Oberfield urges parents to give children time to do nothing, or to pursue their own interests. He also urges that parents spend unstructured time with their children. (Parents Magazine, September 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING/FETAL DEFECTS
Chorionic villus sampling done as a prenatal test may cause injury to the fetus according to a recent report from the University Illinois College of Medicine in Chicago. A review of infants subjected to this test revealed that about one percent of infants tested had limb malformations.
Earlier studies from England showed an increased incidence of limb, facial and tongue defects in infants whose mothers had undergone this diagnostic procedure during pregnancy. (The Journal of NIH Research 4:61-62, July 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

FETAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE
A single exposure to alcohol while in utero may lead to permanent changes in the offspring. Some of the laboratory animals tested showed substantial defects in memory during middle- and old-age. Abnormalities present in young animals became more pronounced as the animals aged. (Teratology 45(5)528-529, May 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

OTITIS MEDIA (EARACHE)
Otitis media (earache) with effusion (the escape of products of inflammation) is estimated to occur in about one-third of five year old children. Treatment remains controversial, and may include antibiotics, adenoidectomy, or the surgical insertion of ventilation tubes or grommets. A study of 117 children revealed that as time progressed there was a tendency to improve spontaneously. Earlier studies have reported similar findings. (Clinical Otolaryngology 16:354-357, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

AIR QUALITY/SCHOOLS
Most schools in the United States are poorly ventilated according to a study by the American Lung Association. This poor ventilation may increase the spread of colds and other viral infections, and increases the risk of asthma attacks. Carbon dioxide levels were elevated in many classrooms. High carbon dioxide levels make it difficult for children to remain alert and attentive.
Some schools have sealed their systems to prevent the entrance of fresh air. In other cases, ventilation systems are often turned off, because they were too noisy. In some schools it was observed that school buses idled adjacent to the ventilation system introducing exhaust fumes into the building. (Medical Tribune 32(20)21, October 3, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

TWIN BIRTHS
Physicians have felt that the second infant in a set of twins should be born as quickly as possible after the birth of the first, and for this reason many of these infants are born by cesarean section. A study from Berlin suggests that in many cases these infants may safely be delivered without haste. (Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 33:19-20, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

MEDICATION DOSAGES IN CHILDREN
Many children are being overdosed with medications because parents misread the markers in the provided cup or misunderstand dosage instructions. Some children receive several times the recommended dosages. (Infectious Diseases in Children 5(5)5, May, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

TELEVISION/CHILDREN'S VALUES
Children who watch violent television shows may come to feel that violence is acceptable behavior. Marvin O. Kolb, M.D. moderated a special presentation on children and television violence at the 60th Annual meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics. He reports that television watching may have long-lasting and dramatic impacts on the behavior of children. Children see so much violence that they come to consider it normal behavior and an acceptable way for them to behave. (Medical Tribune 32(23)11, November 14, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

DELAYED FEEDING OF INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHER/PROLONGED NEONATAL UNIT STAY
Twenty-six infants of diabetic mothers were studied in a Belfast, North Ireland hospital. They concluded that delayed feeding was a major factor in prolonged hospital stay. (Journal of Perinatal Medicine 20(Suppl 1)214, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

MEDICATION DOSAGES IN CHILDREN
Many children are being overdosed with medications because parents misread the markers in the provided cup or misunderstand dosage instructions. Some children receive several times the recommended dosages. (Infectious Diseases in Children 5(5)5, May, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

TELEVISION/CHILDREN'S VALUES
Children who watch violent television shows may come to feel that violence is acceptable behavior.
Marvin O. Kolb, M.D. moderated a special presentation on children and television violence at the 60th Annual meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
He reports that television watching may have long-lasting and dramatic impacts on the behavior of children. Children see so much violence that they come to consider it normal behavior and an acceptable way for them to behave. (Medical Tribune 32(23)11, November 14, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

DELAYED FEEDING OF INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHER/PROLONGED NEONATAL UNIT STAY
Twenty-six infants of diabetic mothers were studied in a Belfast, North Ireland hospital. They concluded that delayed feeding was a major factor in prolonged hospital stay. (Journal of Perinatal Medicine 20(Suppl 1)214, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

VITAMIN K INJECTIONS IN LABOR/CHILDHOOD CANCER
Infants of mothers given vitamin K injections during labor to prevent possible hemorrhage are at increased risk of developing childhood cancer. This is the second study demonstrating this relationship. (British Medical Journal 305:341-346, August 8, 1992) More evidence accumulates to show that supernutrition in any form carries some risk to the health. Copyright Phylis Austin

NEONATAL JAUNDICE
Frank A. Oski, M.D., Given Professor and director of the Department of Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, recently called into question the practice of pediatricians to treat hyperbilirubinemia in young, otherwise healthy infants.
He reviewed the medical literature and noticed that the conclusion that bilirubin levels in excess of 20 mg/dL were toxic was based on a study of infants, most of whom had hemolytic disease from Rh incompatibility. Studies done in the next decade showed that there was no bilirubin level at which otherwise healthy infants were at risk of brain injury.
An exhaustive study in 1990 found no evidence that high bilirubin levels in otherwise healthy children produced brain injury, neurologic damage, or hearing loss. They found no association between high bilirubin levels and reduced I.Q. levels.
Breast-fed infants typically have higher bilirubin levels than do bottle-fed infants. Other factors known to increase the risk of hyperbilirubinemia include delayed feeding of the infant, diabetic mothers, bruising, labor induction using oxytocin, and polycythemia (unusually large numbers of red cells in the blood).
Dr. Oski suggests that treatment for neonatal jaundice be delayed at least until the bilirubin reaches 25 mg/dL. He points out that this will save millions of dollars in health care expense, and save many parents great anxiety. (Contemporary Pediatrics April 1992, p. 148-154) Copyright Phylis Austin

FATHER'S DRINKING/FETAL GROWTH
Infants of fathers who consume alcohol may grow more slowly than normal. Women who may become pregnant have been urged to avoid the use of alcohol, but now we see that the father's alcohol use may also impact the baby. (American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 168(1 Pt. 2)307, January 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAFFEINE INTAKE DURING PREGNANCY/INFANT BEHAVIOR
Infants of mothers who consumed high levels of caffeine during pregnancy spend more time in rapid eye movement sleep than those of low caffeine consumption. They were also more likely to have lower birth weight. Studies of laboratory animals suggest that caffeine intake during pregnancy causes abnormalities in brain development, and changes in the body's method of handling cholesterol and zinc. Caffeine is known to cross the placental barrier. (American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 168(4)1105-1102, April 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

EARLY MATURITY
Many children today are being forced to grow up too rapidly, which places great stress on them, and may lead to problems in adulthood. Educational psychology professor Marcia Summers says that when children are exposed to sexual language and situations on television, in movies and in books and magazines, they feel they must act like adults, when they are still children. This deprives the children of the sense of security that they need for healthy development during childhood. (Your Health, June 1, 1993, p. 8) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHARCOAL/CHILDHOOD POISONING
A study from Finland revealed that failure to have charcoal in the home resulted in a significant delay in treatment of childhood poisoning. A study carried out by a Poison Control Center revealed that children whose parents had already purchased charcoal were treated within about 25 minutes of poisoning, but those whose parents had to buy charcoal were subjected to an average delay in treatment of over 40 minutes. (Human and Experimental Toxicology 12:92-93, 1993) We feel that every home should have charcoal readily available. Copyright Phylis Austin

COLD MEDICATIONS/INFANTS
Infants often tolerate cold medications poorly, and may become excessively irritable or lethargic when given the medications. In 1988 poison control centers received almost 77,000 phone calls regarding adverse reactions to cough and cold medications. Most of the adverse reactions occurred in children less than six years of age.
Infants may vomit, have a dry mouth, flushed face, dizziness, tremor, seizures, lethargy, drowsiness, or even coma. The blood pressure may shoot up, the heart rate increase, heart rates become irregular, or the fever rise. The infant or child may become nervous, anxious, or overactive. In some cases they may suffer hallucinations.
Dr. Ann Gadomski, assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Maryland School of Medicine suggests that parents treat cold symptoms by keeping the child well hydrated. A bulb syringe may be used to clear the nasal passages, and a humidifier will moisten secretions, making them easier to move. Placing the child on his side or face down will prevent secretions from draining down the throat. Smokers should not be allowed near children suffering from colds. (Emergency Medicine, October 15, 1992, p. 201-207) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAFFEINE/HEART RATE ABNORMALITIES IN INFANTS
Infants of mothers who consume caffeine during pregnancy may suffer from caffeine withdrawal after birth. They may develop irregular heart rhythms, tremors, and rapid respiration. (Clinical Pediatrics, January 1993, p. 45-47) Copyright Phylis Austin

HELICOBACTER PYLORI GASTRITIS/DIET/CHILDREN
Children are at increased risk of suffering Helicobacter pylori gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach) if they eat beef or use carbonated beverages. (Gastroenterology 104(4 Pt 2)A, 32, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

GROWTH IN VEGETARIAN CHILDREN
Vegetarian children grow more slowly than meat-eaters. Some have suggested that this growth pattern suggests an inadequate diet. A recent study comparing vegetarian with non-vegetarian growth patterns reveals that while vegetarians have a later onset of menarche and the adolescent growth spurt, they eventually reach the same heights as non-vegetarians. The researchers point out that this delay in physical maturity may bring with it certain health advantages, including lower risk of some types of cancer (including breast cancer). (Journal of the American Dietetic Association 92(10)1263-1264, October 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

COW'S MILK/SOLID FOODS/INFANTS/DIABETES MELLITUS
The early exposure of infants to cow's milk and to solid foods increases the risk of the later development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in high-risk individuals. (Diabetes 42:288-95, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREASTFEEDING/CROHN'S DISEASE/ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Infants who are breast-fed, particularly those who are breast-fed for several months, are less likely to develop Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis later in life. (Annals of Epidemiology 3:389- 392, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION/BIRTHWEIGHT
Health officials in many countries are campaigning to provide nutritional supplementation to pregnant women, in an attempt to increase the birthweight of their infants. Researchers have recently questioned the value of this policy, and raise the question of whether or not these attempts may actually be detrimental to the mother and/or infant. They point out that birthweight is not an indication of health or lack of it. Illness in small infants is not attributable to low birth weight, but to the disease process which caused the low birth weight. Furthermore, there is no evidence that increasing birth weight reduces sickness or death in newborns.
Efforts to increase infant birthweight also increase the risk of complications during labor. A larger infant is at greater risk of being delivered surgically because of cephalopelvic disproportion.
No one would question the importance of adequate and good nutrition throughout pregnancy, but attempts to supplement a balanced diet should be carefully considered. (The Lancet 340:1021-1023, October 24, 1992) Copyright Phylis Austin

COUGH MEDICATION/CHILDREN
Children are frequently given cough preparations containing either codeine or dextromethorphan. A study from the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Washington in Seattle, suggests that placebo is as effective as either codeine or dextromethorphan in night-time cough reduction. (Journal of Pediatrics 122:799-802, 1993) We suggest a good drink of water for each cough episode. Water is both safe and effective. Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIBIOTICS/CANDIDA/INFANTS
Infants (and adults) given antibiotics are at increased risk of developing a systemic candida infection. As the duration of antibiotic treatment increases, so does risk of systemic infection. (Pediatric Research 33(4 Pt 2)288A, April 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

ASTHMA/PREDNISONE/OTITIS MEDIA
Children given prednisone to treat asthma are at increased risk of otitis media (ear infection) according to a recent study from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Researchers followed 86 children for six months, and observed that as the number of doses of prednisone increased, so did the incidence of otitis media. (Pediatric Research 33(4 Pt 2)117A, April 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING/BIRTH DEFECTS
Infants of mothers who undergo chorionic villous sampling (CVS) early in pregnancy are at increased risk of certain types of birth defects. (Teratology 48:93-95, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

TELEVISION/TODDLERS
Penelope Leach, Ph.D., suggests that toddlers should not be allowed to watch television alone. Under the age of 2 1/2 years, the programming moves too quickly for the child to keep up. (Child, August, 1993, p. 52) ED: Another reason not to have television in your home. Copyright Phylis Austin

BREASTFEEDING/EARACHE
Exclusive breast-feeding for at least four months helps to protect young children from otitis media (earache) according to a report from Tucson, Arizona. Otitis is one of the most common childhood illnesses. It has been estimated that over 60 percent of all children will have at least one earache during their first year of life and about 17 percent will have three episodes. Giving the child nothing but breast milk will greatly decrease the incidence of otitis media. (Pediatrics 91(5)867-873, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

SHORT SIGHTEDNESS/EARLY EDUCATION
Children who begin schooling at a young age, and spend a lot of time reading and writing are at increased risk of developing myopia (short sightedness). (Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 47:50-53, 1993). This study supports our position that children should not be started in school at a young age. Boys, who mature more slowly, should not be put in a classroom until eight or ten years of age. Copyright Phylis Austin

PASSIVE SMOKE/PREGNANCY/LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
The infants of women who are exposed to passive smoke are at increased risk of low birth weight. (American Journal of Public Health 83(2)207-210, February 1993) We advise pregnant women (and everyone else) to stay away from smokers. Copyright Phylis Austin

TELEVISION/CHILDREN
Children who watch frightening television programs may suffer post- traumatic stress disorder. Two child psychiatrists reported that children they treated suffered from sleep problems, nightmares, fear of dark, refusal to sleep alone, high anxiety levels, panic attacks, clinging behavior, irritability, and depression following a frightening television program. (British Medical Journal 308:389- 390, February 5, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD INCONTINENCE/KEGAL EXERCISES
Children who have problems with daytime or nighttime wetting may benefit from the Kegal exercises taught to women suffering from urinary stress incontinence. Children in the study group were instructed to do 10 Kegal exercises three times a day. (Journal of Pediatrics 124:91-92, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

STRESS/CHILDREN
School, music lessons, swimming lessons, art classes, team sports, church activities.... Parents often involve their children in so many activities that the child becomes overstressed. Parents who try to make up for having little time to spend with their children may not realize that the child might prefer to just stay at home and play with his own toys. The overactivity brought on by too many activities may cause sleep problems, behavior disorders, whining, clinginess, withdrawal from others, diarrhea or constipation, or agitation. Parents need time to be by themselves and unwind--they should provide this same time for their children. (Parents, December, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

OVERWEIGHT MOTHERS/BIRTH DEFECTS
Overweight mothers are at increased risk of having infants with neural tube defects or other malformations. (American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 170:541-548, February 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

COMPETITIVE SPORTS/CHILDREN
Five- and six-year old children are acquiring physical skills at a rapid rate. It is tempting for parents to place their child in organized, competitive sports. Lawrence Kutner, Ph.D., points out that emotional and mental skills are not as developed as are physical skills, and placing children in competitive activities may cause them stress. He suggests that parents encourage their children to participate in activities which build skills and confidence, rather than in competitive activities. (Parents Magazine, March 1994, p. 92-94) Copyright Phylis Austin

EATING PATTERNS IN CHILDREN
Food intake in children fluctuates widely, and is often a matter of great concern to mothers, who urge their child to eat when his appetite is poor. A recent study demonstrates that these variations in food intake are normal, and do not result in poor nutrition. (New England Journal of Medicine 324:232-5, January 24, 1991) This assures parents that it is not necessary to try to force a child to eat, which very effectively destroys his natural appetite control mechanisms. If a child is not hungry at mealtime he should not be forced to eat. Eating between meals should not be permitted. A child who is not hungry at mealtime should understand that he will have to wait until the next regular mealtime. Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is a major health problem in many low-income areas of the world. Breast feeding has been shown to be helpful in the prevention and treatment of diarrhea in young children. A recent study from the Philippines demonstrated that adding even water, tea, or other fluids to the diet of breastfeeding infants increases their risk of developing diarrhea. (Pediatrics 86(6)874-882, December 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD ARTHRITIS/RUBELLA BOOSTER IMMUNIZATIONS
Physicians at Columbia University in New York observed the onset of arthritis following MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) immunization. Seven of 58 newly diagnosed cases of childhood arthritis in this study group came on after immunization. Some of the children in the study received only booster shoots. Some of the children in the group continue to have symptoms eight months after the immunization; one patient requires daily medication. The authors conclude that parents should be told that rubella vaccine may induce arthritis. (Pediatric Research 29(4 Pt 2)175A, April 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

BIRTH COMPANIONS
A study from Finland reveals that mothers in labor who have a support person with them continuously during labor have shorter hospital stays before delivery, and were less likely to have their contractions stop, delaying the birth. (Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology 11:239-250, 1990) Midwives should be aware of the value of the mother's companion ("significant other"). Copyright Phylis Austin

CAFFEINE USE IN PREGNANCY/FETAL GROWTH
Caffeine use during pregnancy may cause fetal growth retardation. Infants of these mothers may be low birth weight infants. (American Journal of Public Health 81(4)458-461, April 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

DAY CARE/UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS/OTITIS MEDIA
Children placed in day care centers suffer more frequent upper respiratory tract infections and are more likely to develop otitis media (ear ache) than are children cared for in their own homes. (Pediatrics 87(2)129-133, February 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAKFAST/CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN CHILDREN
A study of over 500 school children revealed that those children who regularly eat breakfast have lower cholesterol levels, than do those who do not eat breakfast. Those children who ate cereals high in fiber had the lowest cholesterol levels. Earlier studies have shown that children who eat breakfast perform better in school. (Journal of School Health 61(2)81-85, February 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHEST PAIN IN CHILDREN
Chest pain is often associated with a heart attack, and chest pain in a child is very unsettling to a parent. A study from the Divisions of Emergency Service and Cardiology at the University of Ottawa reassures parents that chest pain in children is usually not an indication of heart problems. Chest pain may be associated with chest wall muscle injury, asthma or other respiratory problem, or referred pain from other areas of the body. A simple physical examination is often adequate to establish the cause of the pain. (Canadian Medical Association Journal 143(5)388-394, September 1990) Copyright Phylis Austin

COSLEEPING/SLEEP PROBLEMS
Children who are allowed to sleep with their parents demonstrate a higher rate of sleep problems than do children who sleep in their own beds in their own rooms. (Pediatrics 84(3)522, September 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST FEEDING/MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
A study of multiple sclerosis patients in Naples, Italy revealed that multiple sclerosis patients were less likely to have been breast-fed for long periods of time than were healthy controls. (British Medical Journal 308:1411-1412, May 28, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

ULTRASOUND IN PREGNANCY/SPEECH DELAYS IN INFANTS
Infants exposed to ultrasound while still in utero are about twice as likely to suffer delayed speech than are non-exposed infants. (Canadian Medical Association Journal 149:1435-1440, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

PROCESSED MEATS/CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA
Children who consume 12 or more hotdogs per month are at increased risk of developing leukemia, according to a report from the University of Southern California School of Medicine. Children of fathers who consumed large numbers of hot dogs were also at increased risk of leukemia. (Cancer Causes and Controls 5:195-202, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

OTITIS MEDIA
Antibiotics are typically given for otitis media (ear infection). A study comparing several treatment methods revealed that 81 percent of cases of otitis media resolved spontaneously without antibiotics. (The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Newsletter 20(5)9, May 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

LIGHT/CHILDREN
Warren E. Hathaway, a Canadian psychologist, reports that elementary school children who have high-pressure sodium vapor lamps as the light source in their classroom have lower attendance and achievement rates, and develop more slowly than children whose classrooms have full-spectrum, ultraviolet supplemented lighting. (Psychology Today 27(2)8, March-April 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING IN PREGNANCY/CHILDHOOD INTELLIGENCE
Infants of mothers who smoke during pregnancy may suffer neurodevelopmental impairment. When children of smoking mothers were compared with those of non-smoking mothers they showed lower I.Q. scores, changes in auditory responsiveness, hypertonicity (increased muscle tone), increased tremors, and other central nervous system symptoms. It is possible that tobacco may reduce the oxygen and nutrient supply, producing fetal hypoxia (lack of oxygen). (Pediatrics 93(2)221-227, February, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

CURED MEAT/BROILED MEAT/CANCER IN CHILDREN
Children whose mothers consumed cured or broiled meat during their pregnancy are at greater risk of the later development of one of several types of cancer. Childhood brain tumors were more common in children whose mothers had consumed one or more hot dogs per week during the pregnancy.
Children who consume hamburgers once or more each week are at increased risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia; hot dog consumption by the child also increases the risk of brain tumors.
Earlier studies have shown a relationship between nitrite and nitrosamine intake and cancer, and it is felt that these substances are the cause of the increased risk. (Cancer Causes and Control 5:141-148, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

PARENTAL SMOKING/CHILDHOOD TONSILLITIS
Children who are exposed to cigarette smoke in their home are at increased risk of developing tonsillitis, and of being subjected to tonsillectomy. The authors of this study suggest that encouraging parents to stop smoking should reduce the incidence of tonsillitis. (Clinical Otolaryngology 18:178-180, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

ROCK MUSIC/TEENAGE DEPRESSION
A study from Pennsylvania State University reported that students who listened to the most rock music had the highest levels of depression scores on psychological tests, reports Valerie N. Stratton, associate professor of psychology. (USA Today, April 12, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

OVEREATING/FETAL MOVEMENTS
Infants of pregnant women who over ate during the holiday season showed that the infants, as well as the mothers, became sluggish from overeating. Fetal movements decreased following maternal overeating. (The Lancet 337:252, January 26, 1991) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREASTFEEDING/INFANT VISION
Breastfed infants may develop better vision than formula-fed infants. Breast-fed infants in a study done in Copenhagen had one-third better vision at 2- and 4 months of age than did formula fed infants. (Medical Tribune 25(10)17, May 19, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREASTFEEDING/BREAST CANCER
Earlier reports have suggested that women may reduce their risk of breast cancer by breastfeeding their children. A recent report suggests that breastfed infants are less likely to develop breast cancer later in life. (Epidemiology 5(3)324-331, May 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

FETAL HEART RATES/CESAREAN SECTIONS
When fetal heart rates increase or decrease during labor it may produce great anxiety on the part of obstetricians, and in some cases could even lead to caesarean section, believing that the infant is in distress.
Jan G. Nijhuis, M.D., professor of perinatology at University Hospital in Nijegon, the Netherlands, told the First World Congress on Labor and Delivery that proper evaluation of fetal behavior could effectively reduce the C-section rate.
He has observed three types of irregular fetal heartbeats: a "wavy" heartbeat may suggest that the fetus is sucking his thumb; a quickened beat may indicate an exercising fetus; and an almost undetectable beat may suggest a sleeping fetus. Dr. Nijhuis has observed that sleeping heart patterns may persist for about 90 minutes, even during labor.
Dr. Nijhuis points out that after birth if we see an infant sleeping quietly we don't awaken it to see if it is sleeping or in a coma. He sees no point in doing it before birth either. (Medical Tribune 35(15)8, August 11, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY/LUNG CHANGES IN INFANTS
Laboratory animals exposed to nicotine in utero showed emphysema-like changes in their lung tissue. Elastic tissue and alveoli formation were decreased. The authors conclude that maternal smoking may predispose the child to later emphysema. (South African Medical Journal 83:195- 199, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

FISH CONSUMPTION DURING PREGNANCY/FETAL LUNG DEVELOPMENT
Fish in many areas of the United States are known to be contaminated with mercury. Mercury is a known toxin which is capable of crossing the placental barrier. A study from Canada revealed that infants whose mothers consume mercury-containing fish during pregnancy are at risk of delayed lung development. (Pediatric Pulmonology 17:11-21, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

BIRTH CUSHION/LABOR
The use of a birthing cushion designed to place laboring women in a squatting position decreased the need for forceps delivery compared to a group who gave birth in the traditional lying down position. The second stage of labor was significantly shorter in those in the squatting position, and women who used the birth cushion reported that they liked it. (The Lancet 2(74-77, July 8, 1989) Copyright Phylis Austin

COFFEE/TEA/CHILDHOOD DIABETES
Children who consume coffee or tea are at increased risk of developing Type I diabetes during childhood. (European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48:279-285, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

MILK/EGGS/OTITIS MEDIA
Marcus Miller, M.D., of Pleasant Hill, Ohio reports that ear infections have been almost entirely eliminated in some of his patients by placing them on a milk- and egg-free diet. (Cortlandt Forum 7(9)64, September 1994) These findings agree with long-term observations of Drs. Frank Oski, David Miller and Calvin and Agatha Thrash. Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDREN/TELEVISION
Children are exposed to television at a young age, before they are mentally and emotionally capable of dealing with the content of some programs. Television also reduces the amount of time school-age children spend on their homework, reduces their physical activity, encourages passive learning, and gives the child an inaccurate view of the world and real life. (American Family Physician 50(5)909-918, October 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

EARLY MATURITY/BREAST CANCER RISK
Girls who have early onset menarche are known to be more likely to develop breast cancer. (Acta Oncologica 33(2)171-176, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

FETAL GROWTH/PASSIVE SMOKE
Pregnant women who are exposed to passive smoke may give birth to infants who suffer from fetal growth retardation. (American Journal of Public Health 84(9)1489-1491, September 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

LABOR IN CHILDBIRTH/CHILD'S IMMUNE SYSTEM
The process of labor may strengthen an infant's immune system according to a study from London, United Kingdom. Immune system function of infants born by cesarean section was compared with infants born vaginally. Infants born vaginally had higher values for several immune system indicators. The researchers conclude that labor may benefit the child's immune system. (American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 171:1271-2, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREASTFEEDING/NEUROLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Nine-year-old children who were breast-fed were compared to a similar group who were not. The breast-fed children showed better neurological development. It may be that the longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk may produce this benefit. (The Lancet 344:1319-1322, November 12, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREAST CANCER/BREASTFEEDING
Several recent reports have shown a relationship between nutrition in infancy and later breast cancer. A study of New York women showed that women who had been breastfed were less likely to develop breast cancer in adulthood, while those who were bottlefed are at increased risk. (Epidemiology 5:324-331, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

FETAL MOVEMENT
Fetal wakefulness after 41 weeks of age may produce tachycardia (rapid heart rate) which may cause health care providers to believe that the infant is suffering fetal distress. A study of fetal behavior in normal infants sometimes revealed rapid heart rate with only brief periods of normal heart rate. This may appear to be tachycardia with decelerations. This may lead to operative intervention. The researchers suggest that the mother be asked if she senses any change in the infant's behavior patterns as a preliminary indication of fetal distress. If the activity pattern is normal for the infant it is less likely that fetal distress is present. (Early Human Development 40:29-38, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

PACIFIERS/BREAST FEEDING
Pacifier use may interfere with breast feeding according to a study from Brazil. It is felt that the infants may suffer "nipple confusion" which leads to poor sucking at the breast. The study showed that the more frequently a one-month old infant was given a pacifier the more likely the infant was to no longer be breast fed at four months of age. Because breast milk protects the newborn from infection, the researchers urge that early pacifier use be discouraged. (Pediatrics 95(4)497-499, April 1995) Copyright Phylis Austin

FEVER/CHILDHOOD ILLNESS
The administration of over-the-counter medication for fever may lead to the worsening of some infectious diseases, according to a recent study from Japan. Physicians or parents may administer medication to relieve fever, but in doing so, may increase or prolong the illness-associated viral shedding. The lowered fever may also reduce the body's ability to fight the infection. Some feel that other features of the immune system are activated by fever. (Acta Paediatrica Japonica 36:375-378, 1994). Acetaminophen (paracetamol) was administered in this study, but other studies have cautioned that phenacetin may produce nephrotoxicity, aspirin may cause Reye's syndrome or intestinal bleeding, and paracetamol or Tylenol may cause hepatotoxicity. Some of these medications have led to accidental death. Copyright Phylis Austin

MATERNAL SMOKING/PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS/SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
Smoking during pregnancy leads to increased abortion rates, low birthweight, and higher rates of perinatal disorders. Sudden infant death syndrome is also more frequent in infants of smoking mothers. (Journal of Family Practice 40(4)385-394, April 1995) Copyright Phylis Austin

TEENAGE DIET/BREAST CANCER
Teenagers who consume diets low in calcium and vitamin D in an attempt to control their weight may be setting the stage for later breast cancer. Animal studies have shown that vitamin D and calcium tend to inhibit some types of chemically induced cancer. (Primary Care and Cancer 14:8-9, February 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

PRESCHOOL BURNOUT
Young children who go to preschool year-round may suffer burnout. A California preschool owner comments that young children need "vacations" from preschool. (Your Health, June 15, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

PASSIVE SMOKING/SMALL INFANTS
Pregnant women exposed to passive cigarette smoke may be at increased risk of delivering small-for-gestational-age infants, according to a report from Quebec, Canada. (American Journal of Epidemiology 139(3)294-301, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAPS/NEWBORN INFANTS
Newborn infants, particularly premature infants, may have difficulty regulating their body temperature for the first few days after birth. It has become common practice to place a cap on their head to reduce heat loss since 21 percent of the newborn's body surface area is head, and 44 percent of the infant's heat production is done by the brain. Logic indicates that keeping the head warm would go far in assisting in heat regulation.
Some types of caps are more effective than others in retaining heat. The stockinette hats are surprisingly ineffective, even if made of double layers of fabric. Those types of caps providing the best heat retention appear to be (1) wool with a cotton and gauze lining, (2) the polyolefin fibers used to manufacture winter outerwear, and (3) cotton with polyester fill and terry cloth.
The ability of fabric to retain heat varies with its thickness, the quantity of air trapped between the fibers, and the ability of the fiber to retain its shape with continued use. (MIDIRS Midwifery Digest 4(4)470-471, December 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY/CHILDREN
Daughters born to women who smoked during pregnancy are at greater risk of suffering miscarriage when they become pregnant. Animal studies have shown ovarian atrophy in the female offspring of smoking mothers. These women are also at increased risk of undergoing some type of gynecological surgery in adulthood.
Males born to smoking mothers are more likely to have undescended testes at age 11.
Animal studies suggest that some adverse effects may be carried down to grandchildren of smoking mothers.
Women who smoke during pregnancy are themselves at increased risk of bleeding during the first trimester, of miscarriage, are more likely to suffer nausea, vomiting, thrush infections, headaches and backaches. (Medical Tribune for the Family Physician 35(4), February 24, 1994; Nursing Times 90(6)7, February 9, 1994) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREASTFEEDING/PEDIATRICIANS
A questionnaire given to pediatric residents demonstrated inadequate knowledge of breastfeeding techniques. The researchers called for additional training in this area, so that they may assist breastfeeding mothers in their practice. (American Journal of Preventive Medicine 11(1)26-33, 1995) Copyright Phylis Austin

FRUIT DRINKS/SOFT DRINKS/CHILDREN
A study of the fluid consumption of a group of children who were seen by physicians for such health problems as poor appetite, poor weight gain, loose stools and behavior disorders, revealed that these children consumed large amounts of soft drinks or fruit drinks, and very little plain water. Reducing consumption of the commercial drinks and increasing water consumption produced symptomatic improvement in the children. (Archives of Disease in Childhood 72:141-143, 1995; Archives of Disease in Childhood 72:137-140, 1995) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDREN/TELEVISION/OBESITY
Television viewing children are more likely to be overweight than are children who are physically active. Those who watch five or more hours a day are at an 4.6 percent increased risk of being overweight. (Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 150:356-362, April 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

PASSIVE SMOKE/FETAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
Rat pups whose mothers were exposed to passive smoke during the pregnancy have a reduced number of hindbrain cells. This may cause neurologic dysfunction. (Pediatric Research 39:494-498, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

FEEDING THE BABY
Infants vary greatly in their willingness to accept new foods, and many eager parents salt food in an attempt to make it more acceptable to the infant. A study from the Division of Human Development and Family Studies at the University of Illinois showed that adding salt to new foods did not make them more acceptable to infants. They also observed that infants who had been breast-fed were more willing to accept new foods than were infants who had been bottle fed. (Pediatrics 93(2)271-277, February 1994) This study provides encouragement for mothers to provide a low salt diet for their infants. Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD OBESITY/INTELLIGENCE
Severely overweight children score lower on I.Q. tests than do normal weight children. They also had higher psychological problem scores. (International Journal of Obesity 19:355- 357, 1995) Copyright Phylis Austin

EARLY MATURITY/ADULT OBESITY
Among the many other problems caused by early maturity, children with early physical maturity are at increased risk of being overweight in adulthood. (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64:18-24, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

CAFFEINE/FETUS
Theobromine, theophylline and paraxanthine accumulate in the fetal brain after the mother consumes caffeine. While the adult brain has the ability to exclude these substances the fetal brain does not. Earlier reports have demonstrated the accumulation on these toxic substances in the amniotic fluid. (Developmental Brain Research 75:193-199, 1993) Copyright Phylis Austin

SPORTS/JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Teenagers who participate in high levels of sports activities at age 15 are more likely to report delinquent activities such as shoplifting, fighting, burglary or car theft at 18 years of age. Boys in the high activity group were twice as likely, and girls were three times as likely, to indulge in delinquent behavior. (British Journal of Sports Medicine 30:1-7, 1996) We wonder if there was a difference between competitive and non-competitive sports activities. Copyright Phylis Austin

SMOKING FATHERS/CANCER IN CHILDREN
Men who smoke can damage their sperm, leading to cancer in their children. It is felt that up to 15 percent of childhood cancers may be attributable to smoking fathers. As the number of cigarettes smoked per day increased, so did the risk of cancer in their offspring. (British Journal of Cancer 75(1)134-138, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

CO-SLEEPING/SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
Several studies have suggested that infants who sleep with their parents (co-sleeping) are more likely to suffer sudden infant death syndrome if the parents smoke. (The Lancet 348:1466, November 30, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

RESPIRATORY FUNCTION IN CHILDREN
Children whose mothers smoked while they were in utero, whose mothers had high blood pressure during the pregnancy, or who have a relative who suffers from asthma are at increased risk of respiratory problems. We have known for some time that newborns exposed to smoke are more likely to suffer respiratory problems, but this study shows that material smoking may delay the development of the infant's respiratory system. (Lancet 348:1060- 1064, October 19, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

C-SECTION/LARGE INFANTS
Pregnant women with large infants are often subjected to C- section in the belief that this decreases the risk of injury to the infant during the birth process. A review done at the University of California at San Francisco and at Boston, Mass, reveal that this practice is poor medical and fiscal practice. They observed that to prevent one case of brachial plexus injury during birth between 19 and 162 cesarean sections would have to be performed.
Diabetic women tend to have larger babies. Between 5 and 48 caesareans would be required in this group. (Obstetrics and Gynecology 89:643-647, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

X-RAY EXPOSURE/MEN/BIRTH OUTCOME
Men who are exposed to x-rays in the year prior to conception may contribute to slowed development and growth of their offspring according to the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Infants of radiation exposed males had lower birth weights and slowed intrauterine growth. (American Journal of Epidemiology 145:546-551, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

ANTIBIOTICS/CHILDREN
A study from the University of Iowa revealed that 70 percent of infants had been given at least one antibiotic by the time they were 200 days (about six months) old. The most frequent reason was otitis media. This early exposure may contribute to antibiotic resistance and increased medical costs. (Archives of Family Medicine 5:523-526, 1996). Parents should discuss with their health care provider whether or not the antibiotic is necessary before giving it to the infant. Many report that strict avoidance of cow's milk greatly reduces or entirely eliminates the incidence of otitis media. Copyright Phylis Austin

EARLY MATURITY/SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Girls are reaching puberty at younger and younger ages. A study of almost 1,500 sixth, seventh, and eighth graders revealed that those girls who mature earlier are more likely to suffer emotional disorders, to have a disturbed body image, to be underachievers in school, and are more likely to indulge in drinking, smoking, and early sexual activity. (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36(2)262-266, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

OTITIS (EARACHE) IN CHILDREN/ALLERGY
Dr. Joseph Mercola of Schaumburg, Illinois, writes that food allergy is the most important cause of otitis in children. He has treated hundreds of cases of earache in children and always begins with the elimination of milk and cheese. He states that in his practice milk is responsible for nearly half of the earaches he treats. (Family Practice News 26(19)12-13, October 1, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

PRESCHOOLERS/FRUIT JUICE/GROWTH
Preschoolers who consume more than 12 ounces of fruit juice per day are at increased risk of obesity and short stature. Earlier reports have indicated that excessive juice consumption may contribute to nonorganic failure to thrive. (Pediatrics 99:15-22, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

CHILDHOOD BEHAVIOR/OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS
A study of almost 100 boys aged 6 to 12 years of age showed that those with temper tantrums, anxiety, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and sleep disorders had lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids. They also had more general health problems, and more learning disorders.
The boys with low omega-3 fatty acids were also more likely to report dry skin, excessive thirst, and more frequent urination. Earlier studies in laboratory animals had demonstrated this symptom complex in animals with low levels of omega-3 fatty acids. (Physiology and Behavior 59(4-5)915-920, 1996) Copyright Phylis Austin

MATERNAL SMOKING/BEHAVIOR DISORDERS IN CHILDREN
Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to have offspring with behavior disorders according to a recent study from The Netherlands. These changes were more pronounced in males than in females. (Archives of Environmental Health 52(4)317-321, July 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

BREASTFEEDING/DIABETES
Pima Indians who breastfeed their infants exclusively for the first two months are decreasing the child's risk of developing diabetes mellitus later in life. Bottle-fed babies tend to be more obese, which promotes diabetes. The researchers who report these findings suggest that the decrease in breastfeeding in recent years may have contributed to the increase in diabetes mellitus which we are seeing. (The Lancet 350:166-168, July 19, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin

EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA/FETAL AND MATERIAL COMPLICATIONS
The use of an epidural anesthesia during childbirth may produce a fever in both the mother and child, which may lead to unnecessary suffering, testing and anxiety. About 14 percent of women who had an epidural anesthesia had fevers over 100.4 degrees F. and the newborns in this study were four times as likely to be subjected to testing and/or given antibiotics. (Pediatrics 99:415-419, 1997) Copyright Phylis Austin